“

Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to
do and what is the right thing to do”.

-Unknown

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 OBJECTIVES

 Discuss what is meant by and why there

should be ethical standards in research.
 Identify ethical issues in research which
would amount to scientific misconduct.
 Construct a set of guidelines for members of
ethics review committees.
 Explain the role of an ethics review
committee
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 Research ethics..

Involves the application of fundamental

ethical principles to planning,
conducting & publishing of research

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 Guiding principles
 Autonomy and respect
 Beneficence
 Non-maleficence
 Justice ( free from exploitation)
 Scientific validity
 Honesty

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 Research ethics..

 Unethical as it would amount to falsification of

data

 Should include outliers and give probable

reasons or find out statistically acceptable ways
of trimming outliers

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 Unethical as it would result in "inadvertent double-
counting or inappropriate weighting of the results of a
single study, which distorts the available evidence.
-it would give a false idea of the number of
publications in a given area
-wasting of resources on the review and
publication process

 Should submit to one journal and wait for response prior

to submitting to another
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▸ Unethical as failure to give credit to the person whose idea it is
(intellectual property) amounts to plagiarism

▸ Should discuss and include as co-author

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 Unethical as only those who contributed intellectually
should be cited as authors

 Those who contribute in other ways may be

acknowledged

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 Why should there be research ethics?

 To protect participants /patients

/society /resources /researcher
 To ensure accuracy of scientific
knowledge
 To protect intellectual and property
rights

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 ACTIVITY # 1

A group of undergraduate students planned a

research project on the detection of fetal
abnormalities in the second trimester, by ultrasound
scanning. They collected data from the scan room
without informing the mothers.

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▸ Unethical as informed consent was not taken

▸ Should have informed mothers of their intent

even though there is no particular
advantage/disadvantage to the mother in doing
so

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 ACTIVITY # 2

A group of undergraduate students collected data

from a group of bank officers, with their consent,
regarding their working hours and salary with
regards to the prevalence of high blood pressure.
Subsequently the researchers gave the same data to
another group who were in need of same data
variables.

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▸ Unethical as violating principles of consent and
confidentiality
▸ Data can be used for a secondary purpose which
was not first considered as long as
- informed consent for sharing has been
given
- identities anonymized
- due consideration to access restrictions
▸ Develop ethical guidelines for data sharing.
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Want big impact?
Use big image.

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 ETHICAL
PrINCIPLES FOR
PROTECTING
PARTICIPANTS
 ETHICAL PrINCIPLES FOR PROTECTING
PARTICIPANTS..

Refrain from
Show coercion and
undue
Protect from respect inducement/When
harm privacy/ do incentives
confidentiality amount to
coercion /undue
inducement
ETHICAL PrINCIPLES FOR PROTECTING PARTICIPANTS..

 Respect the personhood of research participants,

their families and significant others, vauing their
diversity.
 Ensures that the benefits and the burdens of
research are equitably distributed in the selection of
research participants.
 Protect the privacy of research participants to the
maximum degree if possible.

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ETHICAL PrINCIPLES FOR PROTECTING PARTICIPANTS..

 Respect autonomous research participants capacity

to consent to participate in research and to
determine the degree and duration of that
participation without negative consequences.
 Prevents, minimized harm and promotes good to all
research participants, including vulnerable groups
and other affected by the research.

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 O U!!
ANKY
TH