Quarter 1 THE RESEARCH ETHICS: The do’s and don’ts of conducting

LESSONS 2 academic investigation

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Read the specific directions carefully before answering the exercises and
activities. Accomplish this module on or before JANUARY 15, 2021. For online consultations, please
refer to the given schedule. BEFORE SUBMITTING THE ACCOMPLISHED MODULE, MAKE SURE
THAT THE TEXTS, PICTURES, AND SHAPES ARE PROPERLY ARRANGED.

ESSENTIAL LEARNING PURPOSES: At the end of these lessons, I am expected to:

1. Determine the different ethical considerations that must be observed in conducting
What do I academic investigation; and
need to 2. Exhibit acquired understanding about research ethics by examining ethically
know? erroneous research proposals.

Before going further, let us see if you can answer this exercise. I know you can do it! This
will help you to determine and activate your prior knowledge about this topic!
What I Directions: Activating your prior knowledge about the cycle of research, write a
know? summary of points that must be done in every step. Write your response inside the
REVIEW
shapes in BULLET form.

Reviewing
Identify the Research Problemthe Literature

Reporting and Evaluating Specify the purpose of research

Research

Analyzing and Interpreting Data Gathering Data

Ethics is an inseparable part of doing research. Researchers have always wondered

what is allowed and what is forbidden in research. By defining what is right and wrong
within the scientific endeavor, the research community has also drawn boundaries
around its activities within society (Mustajoki, 2017).
With these, it is therefore essential to get to know
them better!
Research ethics provides guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research. These rules and
guidelines typically define scientific misconduct and
offer procedures to manage any suspected cases of
it (Mustajoki, 2017). It captures the fundamentals and
sets up the boundaries for policing and dealing with
any wrongdoing. Understanding these rules is
essential for everyone in research.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 1
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMMS, STEM, AND TVL
As what has been mentioned, Research Ethics are actually norms for conduct that distinguish between
right and wrong, and acceptable and unacceptable behavior. To eschew ourselves from committing any
research-related offense, it is important therefore to equip ourselves with the different rules of
implementing investigation. Let’s get into it in detail!
V

1. Researchers' Obligations
a. Conducts the investigation with honesty, objectivity and
integrity.
b. Seeks consent from the participants for their
participation.
c. Respect people, their cultures, values, religions,
economic status and so on.
d. Take care of the confidentiality and personal
information of the participants.
e. Avoid experiments which may pose a threat to the
participants and the researchers.
f. Researcher has an obligation towards society, her
colleagues or other researchers and funders of the project.

2. Rights of the participants - the utmost goal of research ethics is the protection of
the participants; these are their rights that would protect them while being a part of
the study.
a. Voluntary Participation – The participants must not be forced to be part of
the study.
b. Informed Consent – The participants must be fully informed about the
procedures and risk involved in the study.
c. Risk of Harm – The participants should be protected from physical, financial,
or psychological harm.
d. Confidentiality – The participants must be Assured that their identity and
other personal information will not be available to anyone not fully involved
in the study.
e. Anonymity – The participants must remain anonymous throughout the study

3. Belmont Report principles – The Belmont report principles are three principles
established to guide researchers in conducting research. They are the following:
a. Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them
with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed
consent. Researchers must be truthful and
conduct no deception;
b. Beneficence: The philosophy of "Do no harm"
while maximizing benefits for the research
project and minimizing risks to the research
subjects; and
c. Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and
well-considered procedures are administered
fairly — the fair distribution of costs and
benefits to potential research participants — and
equally.

4. Plagiarism - It is the claiming of others work as one’s own work.

a. Direct Plagiarism: Direct plagiarism is the word-for-word transcription of a
section of someone else’s work, without attribution and without quotation
marks.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 2
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMMS, STEM, AND TVL
 b. Paraphrasing plagiarism: It involves the use of someone else’s writing with
some minor changes in the sentences and using it as one’s own.
c. Accidental Plagiarism: Plagiarism may be accidental if it occurred because of
neglect, mistake, or unintentional paraphrasing.

*For further discussions go to: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX4c3V23DZI

*For Offline reference: Week 1: Video 3.1 - What Are Research Ethics?
a.

b.

Activity: Ethical consideration in research

True/False: Thoroughly examine each statement. Indicate T if the statement is valid

What’s More! and F if invalid. Write your answer on the space provided before every number.
Short Quiz
F___1. Since you have the approval of the participants to conduct an interview with
them, it is acceptable to position cameras or recorders to record their response
even without their prior notice.
T___2. It is the main obligation of the participant to protect her own dignity, rights,
safety and well-being during the conduct of the investigation by informing the
researchers of her boundaries.
F___3. Researchers could keep data that are offensive to the subset of people
involved in his study.
F___4. Personal information of participants can be revealed given that their issue is not
controversial.
T___5. Researchers should not only concern themselves with the welfare of the human
participants but the safety of animals and plants must also be taken into
consideration.
F___6. There is nothing foul when we unintentionally imitate the idea of a statement
from other sources.
T___7. Having children as the main participants of your study, it is also necessary to
seek an informed consent to their guardians.

T___8. The researcher must reveal all the risks associated with the research to the
participants.
F___9. Though you are investigating B’laan people, it would be reasonable to articulate
your research questionnaire using English language since it is the language you
are going to use in crafting your whole project.
T___10. The participants must be given an option to participate or reject the invitation
of the researchers to share their valuable insights in the study.
Directions: Imagine you have been assigned the task of sitting on an Institutional
review board and have been asked to consider the following research proposals. Each
proposal involves ethical issues. Read each proposal and answer the questions below.
ASSESSMENT Proposal 1: Tyrone wants to study the impact of watching sexually suggestive/explicit
television on people’s attitudes toward sex. He plans to test ninth graders because he
believes they are still young enough to be highly impressionable. He will solicit
volunteers to come after school. Half will be assigned to watch one hour of sexually
explicit clips from a cable TV show while the other half will view an hour of clips from
the same show that deal with nonsexual topics. After watching the TV shows, all
participants will fill out a questionnaire about the attitudes toward sex.
Questions!
1. What additional information might you want to know about the study in order to
decide whether or not it should be approved?

The information that I like to add regarding this study to decide whether or not it should
approved is that, after to this whole study, what lesson could anyone learn especially to
those who watch something like this? And could it be possible by knowing this thing, would
HOLY TRINITY make
COLLEGE OF no
them say GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
to watch again?
3
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMMS, STEM, AND TVL
 2. What are the benefits that might result from this research? What are the
potential harms?

The benefits that might result from this research are, they can gain knowledge to what sex
is, and they might learn what the risk are. And the potential harms would be possibly lead to
distorted perceptions of social reality and weakened ability to carry out a meaningful work
life.

3. If you were reviewing this proposal, what would your recommendation be to

better conduct the investigation without violating any research ethics?

If I to review this proposal, my recommendation to have a better conduct for this

investigation without violating any research ethics would be, having the approval first from
the parents or guardians of each students before they participate, if and only if they are
Proposal 2: Charlotte wants to research the effect of labeling students (gifted vs.
struggling) on their achievement in second grade. She proposes that students in an
elementary school’s second grade be divided into reading groups in which ability levels
(as determined by previous test scores) are evenly mixed. One group will be told they
are gifted readers, another group will be told that they are struggling readers, and a
third group will be told nothing at all. Charlotte theorizes that by the end of the second-
grade year, the students in the “gifted” level group will outperform those in the
“struggling” group on the same reading test.
Questions!
1. What additional information might you want to know about the study in order to
decide whether or not it should be approved?

The information that I like to add regarding this study is that how effective will be this in the
end? And by having this kind of groupings, how could they be so confident, that no one will
2. What are the
be affected, benefits
especially that
to those mightthatresult
students will be from
belong this research?
to “struggling” What are
group? the
potential harms?

The benefits that might result from this research are, the majority students in “struggling”
group will be surely motivated, and that, anyone would also learn how to strive even harder.
And the potential harms would be possibly lead to a big fight and a big problem to school
3. Iffrom
youeach
wereand reviewing thisparents
every student’s proposal, what
complain, thatwould your
will make recommendation
the student run into a bad be to
better conduct the investigation without violating any research ethics?
competition.

If I to review this proposal, my recommendation to have a better conduct for this

investigation without violating any research ethics would be, to obtain informed consent
from participants, and to give them the assurance that their anonymity and confidentiality
will be protected.
Directions: Read the following items and identify what are the ethical considerations
the researchers violated and how did they violate them. If needed, adjust the size of
the shape to accommodate the complete thought of your response.

1. Lina was having a case study about a rape victim. Thrilled with what she
discovered; she told her mother all about their interview.

LEAVE YOUR ANSWER HERE

2. Casandra did a psychological experiment to her students. The students didn’t
know about the experiment until they discovered that Cassandra’s study have
been very successful.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 4
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMMS, STEM, AND TVL
 LEAVE YOUR ANSWER HERE
Video Links:
1. Video 2.2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y022M8-9VdI
Offline Ref: Video 2.2 – How to write the problem statement in your research proposal,
manuscript or thesis
2. Video 2.3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWLYCYeCFak
3. Offline Ref: Video 2.3 - Developing a Research Question

NEXT LESSON: The Research Problem

Academy, E. (2020, April 7). 8 Most Common Types of Plagiarism to Stay Away
from! Enago Academy. https://www.enago.com/academy/fraud-research-many-types-
REFERENCES plagiarism/

Parveen, H., & Showkat, N. (2017, July 31). Research Ethics. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318912804_Research_Ethics

Research Guides: Research Methods: Ethics in Research. (n.d.). Run Run Shaw
Library. https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/researchmethods/ethics

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 5
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMMS, STEM, AND TVL