GROUP 1

CHIBUDURA LOVENDER H210035B

MEDA CHIDOCHASHE H210181Y
KACHIDZA BRIGHTON H210
CHARI BLESSED H210
MASHOKO TAFADZWA H210131Y

LESS PRIVILEGED:
PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED,
PRISONERS AND BEGGARS
OBJECTIVES
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PERCEPTIONS
3. COMMON
PATHOLOGIES
4. CHALLENGES
5. SOLUTIONS

THE LESS PRIVILEGED:

PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED,
PRISONERS AND BEGGARS
 THE LESS PRIVILEGED
 This refers to individuals who have less advantages,
privileges and opportunities compared to others in
society.
 These individuals often face economic and social
challenges that limit their access to fundamental rights
and resources.
 The less privileged lack access to education, healthcare
or basic necessities.
 THE LESS PRIVILEGED

PEOPLE WITH
PHYSICAL
BEGGARS DISABILITIES
PRISONERS POOR PEOPLE
 PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED
 Being physically disabled is defined as the impairment in a person’s
body structure, body function or mental function.
 Examples include loss of a limb and loss of vision.
 Being physically disabled can also be defined as activity limitation
such as difficulty in seeing, hearing, walking or problem solving.
SIGNS OF PHYSICAL DISABILITY
Problems related to movement,
posture (sitting, standing), grasping
or manipulating objects,
communication, eating, perception,
reflex movements, and/or automatic
motility (eg sphincter, intestinal
muscles)
Clumsiness
Trouble following directions
Visual impairment
Hearing impairment
Poor balance
 PERSPECTIVE OF THE RADIOGRAPHER
 Assumption that the patients are passive recipients who lack self
confidence, are unable to meet their emotional needs and cannot take
care of themselves (Sahin, 2010)
 The Radiographer might assume that since the patient is disabled, they
need special care.
 The Radiographer might feel sorry for the patient
 The Radiographer may assume that the patient is not necessarily
unwell and may not have an illness(Ten Klooster, 2009)
 All people with hearing
disabilities can read lips
 People with disabilities are
perceived as too demanding,
dependent and incapable of
actualizing their creative
capacity towards self sufficiency
 All people who use wheelchairs
are chronically ill or sick
 Talking louder will help a person
with hearing loss to understand
CHALLENGES FACED WHEN IMAGING
THE PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED
 The patient may feel less important since there is a perception that deaf
or blind people are not as intelligent
 Physically disabled patients may feel like they might be treated as less
human
 Patient may feel ignored if the Radiographer communicates with the
patient’s caregiver first without talking to the patient
Patients perspective for physically disabled
 Patient may feel like they are being pitied by the radiographer
 They may be communication problems in terms of instructions if not
accompanied by their caregiver or relative
 They may also feel like they
cannot voice their opinion
because of a sense of inferiority
 They may feel intimidated by the
radiographer and health
personnel around, most of the
times they feel like they are
being short changed because of
their physical disability
 PATIENT CARE AND TECHNIQUES REQUIRED
WHEN IMAGING PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED
 Additional equipment like stepping stools should be readily available
 No objects should be in the way of the patient
 The patient should be accompanied by a care giver
 Waiting rooms should have enough space to cater for the physically
disabled patients especially those in wheelchairs
 Make sure there are no wet floors in the department or any objects in
the passages
 Inform the patient if there is going to be loud noises
 Ask for permission before touching them
 Availability of immobilization devices for manual
restraining if necessary for example Velcro straps
 Patients should come at a specific time frame if possible
 Make sure dangerous and sharp objects are not in sight in
the examination room
 The Radiographer should not turn their back on the patient
 The Radiographer should minimize physical contact with
the patient
 The Radiographer should stay calm and try to achieve the
patient’s collaboration by setting clear limits
 Minimal eye contact with the patient
 Communicate with the patient if
they are able to do what you tell
them before attempting to help
them first
 Make the patient feel safe and
respected
 Make sure their guardians are
close during the examination
 In addition to the patient’s
consent also get consent from
their caregiver or guardian
 BEGGARS
• Beggars are individuals who ask for money or other forms of
assistance from others, often on the streets or in public
places.
• They may be experiencing homelessness, poverty, or other
challenges that prevent them from meeting their basic
needs.
• Beggars rely on the generosity of others to survive and are
seen as marginalized or disadvantaged members of society.
 SIGNS THAT SHOW THAT SOMEONE
IS A BEGGAR
• Holding a sign asking for money or
assistance.
• Sitting or standing in a public place
with a cup or container for donations.
• Carrying belongings in carts.
• Asking passer-bys for spare change or
help.
• Expressing gratitude or thanks for any
donations received.
• Being present in high-traffic areas such
as street corners, parking lots, or near
shopping centers.
PERSPECTIVE OF THE
RADIOGRAPHER
• The radiographer, should see beggars as patients who deserve the same
level of care and respect as any other individual seeking medical
treatment.
• Radiographers may encounter challenges when working with beggars as
patients such as limited access to medical history or difficulties in obtaining
follow-up care.
• In these situations, radiographers should work collaboratively with other
healthcare professionals to address any barriers to care and ensure that
the patient receives the appropriate treatment.
• It is important for radiographers to approach all patients with empathy,
professionalism, and without judgment, regardless of their social or
economic status.
 ....
• Radiographers play a vital
role by providing diagnostic
imaging services to all
patients including beggars.
• Radiographers can
contribute to improving the
health outcomes and well-
being of these vulnerable
individuals
 CHALLENGES FACED BY BEGGARS
IN THE IMAGING DEPARTMENT
• 1. Limited access to medical history: Beggars may not have a consistent healthcare provider or
access to medical records, making it difficult for radiographers to obtain relevant information
about their medical history, previous imaging studies, or underlying health conditions.

• 2. Communication barriers: Beggars may face language barriers, cognitive impairments, or

mental health issues that can make it challenging for radiographers to effectively
communicate with them about their imaging procedure, obtain informed consent, or address
their concerns.

• 3. Fear and mistrust: Beggars may have had negative experiences with healthcare providers in
the past, leading to fear, mistrust, or reluctance to seek medical care. Radiographers may need
to work to build rapport, establish trust, and address any fears or anxieties that the patient
may have.
4. Financial constraints: Beggars may lack the financial resources to pay for imaging services or follow-
up care, which can impact their ability to receive timely and appropriate medical treatment.
Radiographers may need to collaborate with social workers or other healthcare professionals to help
address these financial barriers.

5. Transportation and access to care: Beggars may face challenges in accessing healthcare facilities due
to lack of transportation, mobility issues, or limited knowledge of available resources. Radiographers
may need to work with social services or community organizations to ensure that the patient can access
the necessary imaging services.

6. Social stigma and discrimination: Beggars may experience social stigma, discrimination, or judgment
from healthcare providers, which can impact their willingness to seek care or disclose important
information about their health. Radiographers should strive to create a non-judgmental and supportive
environment for all patients.

Overall, radiographers working with beggars as patients should be sensitive to their unique needs and
challenges, communicate effectively, and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to ensure that
the patient receives the necessary imaging services and follow-up care.
 PATIENT CARE AND TECHNIQUES REQUIRED
WHEN IMAGING BEGGARS
1. Establishing rapport: Building a positive and respectful relationship with the patient is
essential in gaining their trust and cooperation. Radiographers should approach beggars with
empathy, understanding, and non-judgmental attitudes to create a comfortable and supportive
environment.

2. Effective communication: Communicating clearly and effectively with beggar patients is crucial
to ensure they understand the imaging procedure, provide informed consent, and address any
concerns or fears they may have. Radiographers should use simple language, visual aids, and
gestures to enhance communication with patients who may have limited literacy or language
skills.

3. Assessing patient needs: Beggars may have unique healthcare needs, such as underlying
medical conditions, injuries, or mental health issues that require special attention during imaging
procedures. Radiographers should conduct a thorough assessment of the patient's physical and
emotional well-being to tailor the imaging process to meet their specific needs.
• 4. Ensuring patient comfort and safety: Radiographers should prioritize patient comfort and
safety during imaging procedures by providing appropriate positioning, support, and
monitoring throughout the process. Adjusting equipment settings, using cushions or padding,
and offering reassurance can help alleviate discomfort and anxiety for beggar patients.

• 5. Collaborating with healthcare team: Working collaboratively with other healthcare

professionals, such as social workers, nurses, or interpreters, can help address the complex
needs of beggar patients and ensure comprehensive care. Radiographers should communicate
effectively with the healthcare team to coordinate services, share important information, and
facilitate follow-up care for the patient.

• 6. Respecting patient privacy and dignity: Respecting the privacy and dignity of beggar
patients is essential in maintaining their trust and confidence in the healthcare system.
Radiographers should provide privacy during imaging procedures, use drapes or screens as
needed, and ensure confidentiality of patient information to uphold their dignity.
• By employing these patient-centered techniques and strategies, radiographers can
effectively address the challenges of imaging beggars and provide compassionate
and high-quality care to this vulnerable population.
COMMON PATHOLOGIES IN
BEGGARS
Beggars often live in crowded and poor sanitary conditions increasing
their risk of respiratory infections.
• PNEUMONIA
• TUBERCULOSIS
• INFLUENZA
PRISONERS
• These are individuals who have been confined in a jail,
prison, or other detention facility as a punishment for
committing a crime or while awaiting trial or
sentencing.
• They are deprived of their freedom and are typically
under the control and supervision of the authorities
responsible for their confinement.
 Young Offenders (Juveniles)

• Young offenders refer to individuals below a certain age, often

categorized as juveniles or minors, typically ranging from 12 to 18 years
old, who commit offenses that lead to their involvement with the
criminal justice system.
• They may face unique challenges related to adolescent development,
rehabilitation needs, and education opportunities within the context of
correctional settings.
 Adult Prisoners

• Adult prisoners encompass individuals who are legally classified as

adults, typically over the age of 18, and are incarcerated following
conviction for criminal offenses.
• Adult prisoners represent a diverse population with varying
backgrounds, needs, and levels of recidivism risk, requiring tailored
interventions, rehabilitation programs, and re-entry support.
Elderly Prisoners (Geriatric Offenders)

• Elderly prisoners are individuals of advanced age who are

incarcerated within correctional facilities, often classified as geriatric
offenders, typically aged 50 or older.
• Elderly prisoners often face health challenges, limited mobility, and
unique care needs due to age-related conditions, necessitating
specialized healthcare support and accommodations.
Special Needs Prisoners

• Special needs prisoners encompass individuals with physical

disabilities, mental health conditions, chronic illnesses, or
developmental disorders who require specialized care and support
within the prison environment.
• Special needs prisoners may require accommodations, accessibility
modifications, and targeted interventions to ensure their well-being,
safety, and access to necessary healthcare services.
Pre-Trial Detainees

• Pre-trial detainees are individuals who are held in custody pending

trial, often awaiting the resolution of their legal cases, and are not yet
convicted of any criminal offense.
• Pre-trial detainees may experience uncertainty, prolonged
incarceration periods, and limited access to services compared to
convicted prisoners, necessitating legal safeguards and support during
the pre-trial phase.
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE AND
STRATEGIES
• When imaging prisoners in radiology, special considerations must be
taken to ensure their psychological well-being and provide patient-
centered care
Psychological and patient centered care
1. Communication- Clearly explain the imaging procedure, what to
expect, and how the prisoner can cooperate during the scan to reduce
anxiety and promote cooperation.
• use simple language to ensure understanding, especially considering
potential literacy issues among some prisoners.
2. Trauma-Informed Care:

• Sensitive Approach: Employ a trauma-informed approach when

interacting with prisoners who may have experienced trauma, abuse,
or violence in the past.
• - Creating Safe Environment: Foster a safe and supportive
environment during the imaging process to mitigate potential triggers
and promote trust.
3. Patient Positioning:

• - Comfortable Positioning: Ensure prisoners are positioned

comfortably on the imaging table to minimize discomfort and anxiety.
• - Assistance for Mobility Impaired: Offer assistance and
accommodations for prisoners with mobility limitations to facilitate
safe and comfortable positioning.
4. Anxiety Management:

• - Anxiety Reduction Techniques: Implement relaxation techniques,

deep breathing exercises, or guided imagery to help alleviate anxiety
and promote a sense of calmness.
• - Prison Familiarity: If possible, consider incorporating prison staff or
familiar faces during the procedure to provide reassurance and
comfort.
5. Privacy and Dignity:

• Provide appropriate clothing and coverings to maintain the prisoner's

dignity during the imaging procedure.
• Privacy Screens: Utilize privacy screens or curtains to offer some level
of privacy for dressing or preparing for the examination.
6. Collaboration with Correctional Staff:

• - Coordination with Staff: Collaborate with correctional staff to ensure

a safe and secure environment during the imaging procedure to
maintain the well-being of both the prisoner and healthcare
providers.
• - Training for Staff: Provide training for correctional personnel on
interacting with prisoners undergoing medical procedures to promote
a supportive and respectful environment.
PATHOLOGIES AFFECTING
PRISONERS
1. Infectious Diseases:
• HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C: High prevalence of blood-borne infections due to injection
drug use, unsafe tattooing practices, and unprotected sex in some prison populations.
• Tuberculosis: Closed quarters and limited ventilation increase the risk of tuberculosis
transmission among prisoners.
2. Mental Health Disorders:
• Depression and Anxiety: Commonly seen due to isolation, confinement, trauma history,
lack of social support, and limited access to mental health services.
• Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be exacerbated by
stress, inadequate treatment, and prolonged confinement.
• - Substance Use Disorders: High rates of substance abuse and dependence within
correctional facilities, leading to withdrawal issues and relapse risks.
Cont...
3. Dermatological Conditions:
• Skin Infections: Increased risk of skin infections due to close living
quarters and poor hygiene practices.
• Psoriasis and Eczema: Stress, limited sunlight exposure, and inadequate
skincare can worsen these conditions among prisoners.
4. Gastrointestinal Disorders:
• Gastritis and Ulcers: Stress, poor dietary habits, and inadequate medical
attention can lead to gastrointestinal issues.
• Hepatitis: Risk of hepatitis infections due to shared needles, unsafe
tattooing practices, and limited harm reduction programs.
Cont...
5. Chronic Medical Conditions:
• Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Poor diet, stress, and lack
of physical activity contribute to cardiovascular issues among
prisoners.
• Diabetes: Limited access to healthy food, inadequate medical care,
and stress levels can impact diabetes management.
• Asthma and Respiratory Conditions: Poor air quality in prisons can
exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma.
Challenges faced when imaging prisoners
Challenges Solutions
• Anxiety and Cooperation • Patient Communication
• Physical Limitations • Adaptive equipment
• Cultural sensitivity • Cultural competence
• Limited staff training • Training and education
• Follow up care • Collaborative care
 POOR PEOPLE
• These are individuals who do not have the provisions or
financial capabilities to fulfill the minimum essential
necessities of life.
• Street cobblers, push-cart vendors, rag pickers,
beggars, are some of the people that fall under the
poor and weak groups in urban neighborhoods.
• The poor maintain few assets and stay in improper
households and some do not even have houses.
 Types of Poor people
• Absolute poverty is defined as the inability of one to meet basic needs (food,
shelter, etc.) due to a lack of financial resources. A person in absolute poverty
may lack clean and safe drinking water, sufficient and nutritious food, and a safe
place to live.
• Chronic poor: People who are leading constant lives of poverty and who are
normally poor but may have a small amount of money with them (for example,
casual workers(street cobblers)) are classified collectively as the chronic poor.
• Churning poor: The churning poor are the people who go in and out of
poverty (for example, small farmers and seasonal workers).
• Transient poor/ situational poverty: The poor who are well off most of the
time but may be subject to bad luck or difficult times at times. They are known
as the transient poor. For example people who have gone through divorce and
lost everything, loss of a bread winner
What are the characteristics of poor people?
• Lack basic necessities such as clothes
• Starvation and hunger
• Malnutrition
• Larger family sizes
• Limited economic opportunities
• Debt trap
 Pathologies common to poor people
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- transmitted sexually, by transfusion or
shared needles
• malaria
• tuberculosis (TB)
• diarrheal diseases e.g. cholera and typhoid
• Anemia due to malnutrition
• Chronic worm infections
• Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) through contaminated waters
• Non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as cardiovascular disease, chronic
respiratory diseases, cancer
• Asthma
• Child killer diseases measles, pertussis and polio
 Patient centered care for poor people
• treating a person receiving healthcare with dignity and respect and involving
them in all decisions about their health without undermining them.
• showing poor people compassion and engaging with them for them to be
comfortable during the exam.
• offering coordinated care where radiographers do not show discomfort or
discrimination due to patient’s demeanor.
• Communicate with a language they understand without using too much
jargon since some are uneducated.
• supporting poor people to recognize and develop their own strengths and
abilities to enable them to live an independent and fulfilling life.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES FACED BY POOR
PEOPLE
• schizophrenia,
• depression,
• anxiety
• suicidal
references
• 1st Edition Person-Centred Care in Radiology International Perspectives on High-Quality Care By Shayne
Chau, Emma Hyde, Karen Knapp, Christopher Hayre , 2024