INFORMATION, CONTROL,

AND PRIVACY
RESOURCES

Resources are the total means available to a company

for increasing production or profit, including land, labor,
capital, and raw materials.
Three types of Resources
1. Physical resources are tangible resources that can be
easily identified. They usually start from acquisition and
are then assembled to be available for use when needed.
e.g. raw materials (wood, cement, steel) for building
construction
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2. Conceptual resources are non-tangible assets that
have value due to what they represent, rather than
their physical form.
• money
• human resource
• computer files
• personal data, pictures, videos, numerous contacts
from smartphone

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Conceptual resources identified are called Information.

Information can simply be defined as “facts about

something or someone that are provided or learned.”
Facts are considered relevant truths which have been
validated and identified.
Data is a collection of facts; therefore, processed data
are considered as information as they are organized in
such a way that they have additional value beyond the
value of the facts themselves. 4
3. Information as a resource, unlike other resources, are:
Expandable
Information can be expanded without compromising
its integrity.
Compressible
Information can be compressed to provide a more
concise summary.
Transportable
Information can be easily transported using a variety
of technologies.
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Diffusive
Information can spread quickly both accurately and
inaccurately.
Shareable
Information can be easily shared with others.

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Characteristics of Valuable Information
(Stair & Reynolds, 2016)

1. Accurate
It is error-free.
Formal Information Informal Information
It is official and authoritative. It is more casual, and less
authoritative.
It is meant to be taken seriously and is presented It is presented in a less formal
in a formal manner. manner
It is usually more carefully prepared and verified It is possibly less reliable.
than informal information, and its accuracy and
reliability should also be higher. 7
Characteristics of Valuable Information
(Stair & Reynolds, 2016)

2. Complete
It contains all the important facts.
3. Economical
It is relatively inexpensive to produce.
4. Reliable
It can be depended on.
5. Accessible
It is easily accessible by authorized users. 8
Characteristics of Valuable Information
(Stair & Reynolds, 2016)

6. Secure
It is protected from access by unauthorized users.

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Characteristics of Information as Resources
(Leickly, 2004)

1. Zero-marginal cost
The cost of producing additional copies is negligible.
2. Non-rivalrous
Simultaneous consumption of information by consumers is
possible.
3. Non-exclusive
Exclusion is not a natural property of information goods.
4. No transparency
To evaluate the information, the information must be known. 10
Information Economics

In economics, a good is considered to be an experience

good if consumers must consume it to evaluate its
quality or value.

In information economics, the value of an asset is not

solely determined by the asset itself, but also by the
information about the asset.
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Information Economics

Strategies to Information Economics

1. Browsing previews
2. Branding
3. Reputation

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Information Overload

Information is produced at rapidly increasing rates due

to:
1. Easy duplication and transmission
2. Increase in communication methods
3. Growth archives of historical information

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Information Overload

Mobile social media

the accessing of social media sites using a
mobile device.

M-commerce
 Mobile Commerce was a term used during the
1997 Global Mobile Commerce Forum by Kevin Duffey
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Information Overload

M-commerce
 Mobile Commerce was a term used during the
1997 Global Mobile Commerce Forum by Kevin Duffey.
 He described it as the delivery of electronic
commerce capabilities directly into the consumer’s
hand, anywhere, via wireless technology.

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Information Overload

M-commerce
 Companies are now using digital platforms to market
their products and services.
Industries that are now embracing m-commerce include:
1. Financial services
2. Mobile ticketing
3. Service/retail
4. Information services 16
Information Control

Information control is about allowing those who have

appropriately authority access to and use of
information on the basis of the authority that they
hold.
Software Piracy
 Unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted
software. (The Software Alliance, 2018)
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Information Control

Identified Issues that Complicate the Problem of

Information Control
1. Convergence
2. Scale
3. Volume
4. Unprecedented individual empowerment
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Information Control

Intellectual Property (IP)

 refers to a number of distinct types of intangible
assets for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized.
any creation or product of the human mind and may
be expressed in the form of original ideas, expressions, and
processes.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

 rights given to persons over their creations. 19
Information Control

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

 according to the Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293 s. 1998), IPR
consists of the following:
1. Copyright and related rights
2. Trademarks and service marks
3. Geographical indications
4. Industrial design 20
Information Control

5. Patents
6. Layout Design (topographies) of Integrated Cicuits
(Ics)
7. Protection of undisclosed information

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Information Control

Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines

(IP Philippines)
 is a government agency in charge of the
implementation of the law protecting intellectual
property rights in the Philippines as provided for under
R.A. 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines, and the revised Intellectual Property Code
of the Philippines known as R.A. 10372. 22
Information Control

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Copyright
 is a set of exclusive right granted by a state to the
creator of an original work or their assignee for a limited
period of time in exchange for public disclosure of the
work, and includes the right to copy, distribute, and adapt
the work.
 copyright owners can license or permanently
transfer or assign their exclusive rights to others. 23
Information Control

Digital Rights
 is the permission granted to individuals to
legitimately perform actions involving the use of a
computer, any electronic device, or a communications
networks
 protection and realization of existing rights in
the context of new digital technologies, especially the
internet. 24
Information Control

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

 is a system used by copyright holders to control
the use and distribution of their digital content. This
includes preventing unauthorized copying, printing,
editing, or sharing of copyrighted material. DRM is
used to protect the rights of copyright holders and to
prevent piracy.
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Information Control

Techniques to Control Access and Reproduction of

Online Information
1. Encryption
 the process of converting data or information in
such a way that only authorized parties can understand.
2. Serial keys
 also known as a product key or a software key.
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Information Control

2. Serial keys
 also known as a product key or a software key.
 series of alphanumeric characters acting as a
key to denote that the product or software is original.
3. Scrambling
 Data scrambling is used to hide sensitive
information by adding or changing components of the
original data. This makes it difficult for unauthorized 27
Information Control

4. Tag embedding
 is a technique for embedding information into
digital content in a way that is difficult to remove or
tamper with. This information can be used to identify
the owner of the content, the author, the date of
creation, or other relevant information.

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Information Control

Patent
 is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an
inventor for a limited period of time in exchange for the
public disclosure of an invention.

Trademark
 is a distinctive sign used by an individual,
business organization, or legal entity to identify the 29

products or services to consumers.

Information Control

Protection of Undisclosed Information

 Industries and companies need to have
information control especially in dealing with sensitive
industry secrets or trade secrets.

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Information Privacy

Protection of Undisclosed Information

Trade Secrets – is the term used for any method,

formula, device, process, or any information that gives
the business a unique competitive advantage over its
competitive.

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THANK YOU