INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION

Corrections
◼ is a branch of Criminal Justice System concerned
with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.
Penology
◼ derived from the Latin word “POENA” which
means pain or suffering.
◼ It is a study of punishment formed from crime or of
criminal offenders.
◼ It includes the study of control and prevention of
crime through punishment of criminal offender.
◼ Penology is a division of criminology that deals
with prison management, treatment of offenders
and concerned with the philosophy and practice of
society in its effort to repress criminal activities.
Nature and Trends of Punishment
Punishment (Legal Sense)
◼ individual redress or personal revenge. Therefore,
it is defined as the redress of the state against an
offending member.
Punishment (General Sense)
◼ It is the infliction of some sort of pain on the
offender for violating the law.
Penalty
◼ the suffering that is inflicted by the state for the
transgression of the law.
Ancient Forms of Punishment

◼ Death Penalty
◼ Physical Torture
◼ Social Degradation
◼ Banishment
Death Penalty
◼ this was done by means of burning, boiling in oil,
breaking at the wheel, drowning and whipping.
Physical Torture
◼ this was so called corporal punishment which was
effected by mutilation, maiming and whipping.
Social Degradation
◼ put the offender to shame or humiliation
Banishment
◼ putting the offender away from his/her place.
Contemporary Forms of Punishment

◼ Imprisonment
◼ Parole
◼ Probation
◼ Fines
◼ Destierro
Imprisonment
◼ putting the offender in prison for the purpose of
protecting the public and at the same time
rehabilitating them by requiring the latter to
undergo institutional treatment program.
Parole
◼ it is a conditional release after the prisoner has
serve part of his sentence in prison under the
guidance and supervision of parole officer.
Probation
◼ A disposition whereby the defendant after
conviction of an offense that the penalty which
does not exceed 6 years imprisonment is released
subjects to the conditions imposed by court and
under the supervision of probation officer.
Fines
◼ an amount given as a compensation for a criminal
act.
Destierro
◼ The penalty of banishing a person from the place
where he committed a crime, prohibiting him to
get near or enter the 25 kilometer radius.
Justification of Punishment

◼ Retribution
◼ Expiation or Atonement
◼ Deterrence
◼ Protection
◼ Reformation
Retribution
◼ personal vengeance
◼ An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.
Deterrence
◼ punishment gives lesson to the offender by
showing to other what would happen to them if
they violate the law.
Expiation or Atonement
◼ Group vengeance
Protection
◼ by placing the offender in prison, the society is
protected from further criminal depredation.
Reformation
◼ society interest can be better served by helping the
prisoner become law abiding citizen and
productive upon undergoing to an intensive
program of rehabilitation in prison.
The School of Penology
Classical School

Philosophy of Classical School

◼ The man is free from moral agent, and that every act of man is of his
freewill and accord;

◼ every man is therefore responsible for his act;

◼ crime can be expiated only by punishment; and

◼ the law not the judge, should determine the punishment to be attached
to the criminal act and should provide a scale of punishment to be
applied equally to all persons committing the same crime.
Advantages of Classical School
◼ It was easy to administer- the judge was only an
instrument to apply the law.

◼ It eliminated the arbitrary sentence.

Disadvantages of Classical School
◼ It was unfair- it treated all men as mere digits
without regard to difference in individual nature
and circumstances.
◼ It was unjust- It made first offenders and recidivist
equally punished.
◼ It did not individualize punishment
Neo-Classical School

◼ Admits that minors are incapable of committing

crime because they have not reached the age of
responsibility
◼ Admits that certain adults are incapable of
committing crimes because of their conditions
they are not free to choose.
Results of Neo-Classical

◼ Exempting circumstances admitted;

◼ Reduction of punishment for partial freedom of
the will, only partial responsibility;
◼ Punishment was mitigated for lack of full
responsibility;
◼ It represented the reaction against the severity of
the classical theory of equal punishment
irrespective of circumstances.
Italian or Positive School

◼ Explain the crime in terms of physical make-up of the

criminal.
◼ According to Lombroso, there are three great classes
of criminals:
▪ Born criminal-atavism
▪ Insane criminal- idiots, imbecile, dementia, paralysis
▪ Criminaloids- not born with physical stigma but who are
such mental make-up that they display anti-social conduct.
◼ Enrico Ferri emphasizes the contribution of the
social factors such as
▪ Physical factors, including geographical, climate,
temperature
▪ The anthropological factors including psychological
▪ The social factors, including economics and political
factors as well as age, sex, education, religion.
◼ Garafalo thinks that crime can be understood only
as it is studied by scientific methods. The criminal
is not a free moral agent, but is the product of his
own traits and his circumstances.
Modern Clinical School

◼ This theory advocates the study of the criminal

rather than the crime.
◼ This school is interested primarily in the
personality of the criminal himself in order to
determine the conditioning circumstances that
explain criminality and in order to obtain light
upon the problem of how the offender should be
handled by social group.
◼ Emphasis on social psychology - influence of interaction
between individuals and groups and the relationship
between emotional balance and intellectual integrity.

◼ Modern clinical school advocates the theory that criminal

is the product of his/her biological inheritance conditioned
in his/her development by the experience of which he has
been exposed from early infancy up to the time of the
commission of the crime.
HISTORY OF CORRECTION
Code of Hammurabi

◼ The 1 formal laws dealing with the imposition of

st

justice in Babylonia.
◼ It has a core principle of justice known as “lex
taliones” or an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
◼ However, lex taliones is a two-tiered concept of
justice because not everybody is equal in the
imposition of punishment.
◼ But, even though justice is unequal among social
classes, the Code imposes stiffer punishment
against upper classes than offenders coming from
lower society.
◼ Oldest barbaric Code
Justinian Code

◼ The Roman Emperor Justin put the code into effect.

◼ This law became the standard law in all the areas
occupied by the Roman Empire particularly in Europe.
◼ This Code was a revision of the Twelve Tables of
Roman Law that originated about 500 BC
◼ These twelve tables contain every crime in those days
and specified the penalty for every offense listed in
the said tables.
Burgundian Code

◼ This code introduce the concept of restitution

◼ But, punishment was meted according to the
social class of the offenders. Nobles, middle class
and lower class have specified values on their lives.
◼ An offender had to pay the specified value in order
not to undergo physical suffering as penalty.
◼ An offender who cannot pay will be subjected to
the death penalty.
Greek Code of Draco

◼ a harsh code that provided the same punishment

for both citizen and slaves.
Galley
◼ From about 14 century until the beginning of the 19 century, galley
th th

slavery was imposed as punishment.

◼ This practice existed long ago in ancient Rome and Greece.

◼ Convicted criminals were chained to their oars in the ship of galley

where they will stay for the duration of their sentences but in many
cases their punishment is for life.

◼ Long, low narrow, single decked ship propelled by sails, usually rowed
by criminals.
Hulks

◼ Prison ship

◼ Former warship used to house prisoner in 18 to 19 century.

th th

◼ Abandoned or unusable transport ships, which were

converted into prison as means of relieving prison congestion
when transported system was abandoned in rivers.

◼ They are also called floating hells.

Gaols

◼ Hard for the poor prisoner but not for those who
were wealthy.

◼ This was because prisoners have to pay for their

accommodation, food, and the cost of
administration and security.
◼ Beddings, blankets, light and everything were sold or
rented to prisoners at very high rates.

◼ The gaoler or jailer was paid from payment of prisoner.

◼ The prisoner were chained at the wrist, or ankles or

neck and these chains were tied on the wall or floor of
the prison.
Bridewell Institution

◼ This was established as a workplace for beggar,

vagrants and prostitute.

◼ This is the most popular workhouse in London

which was built for the employment and housing
of English prisoner.
Walnut Street Jail

◼ First American Penitentiary in Philadelphia

◼ Where the separate, silent penitentiary philosophy

of John Howard was introduced.
Maine State Prison

◼ Early Roman place of confinement;

◼ Prisoner worked in the mines during day and then

their ankles and necks are shackled during night
time to prevent escape;

◼ Detain offenders where they will be starved to

death.
Sing Sing Prison

◼ The force of icy cold water hitting the head of the

offender caused so much pain and extreme
shocked and sudden drop in body temperature.
Hospicio de San Michelle/ Hospital of Saint Michael

◼ Emphasized the rehabilitative concept of the

segregation of prisoner and forced to silence to
make him contemplate their wrongdoings;

◼ Physical torture was severely minimized and

reserved only for the incorrigibles.
◼ This was supplanted by mental and psychological stress
due to the extreme loneliness of segregation and forced
silence.

◼ The convicts are chained in one foot and observing strict

rule of silence.

◼ They listened to religious brothers giving religious

teachings.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CORRECTIONAL CONCEPTS AND
STANDARDS
Europe, France and Spain

◼ Used transportation system as punishment

◼ Their convicts served slaves until they completed

the service of their sentence.

◼ The European countries that principally practiced

transportation of offenders to penal colonies to
import labor.
◼ England began transporting prisoner in 1718 by
sending convicts to the American Colonies until
American Revolution. When the colonies obtained
their independence, England diverted their
convicts to Australia and New Zealand.
Development of Prison

◼ In United States, prison were first established.

◼ Evolved as a substitute for transportation exile, public degradations

particularly corporal punishment and death penalty. By the provision
of Pennsylvania Law of 1790.

◼ In Medieval Europe, Jail was introduced as a place of confinement of

persons arrested, undergoing trial and for those convicted of minor
offenses such as vagrancy, gambling and prostitution.

◼ England abandoned transportation of prisoner in 19 century.

th
Two Prison System appeared in Early History

1. Auburn Prison System- established in 1819.

2. Pennsylvania Prison System– established in

1829
Auburn Prison System
◼ The features of Auburn System were confinement
of the prisoners in single cells at night and
congregate work in shops during day.
◼ States of America which constructed their prison
patterned them after the Auburn Prison System.
Pennsylvania Prison System
◼ The features of the Pennsylvania System were
confinement of the prisoners in their own cells day
and night;

◼ European countries adopted the Pennsylvania

system
PERSONALITIES in the Reformatory Movement of PRISON CONDITION
MANUEL MONTESINOS

◼ Director of prison of Valencia Spain in 1835;

◼ He divided prisoners into companies and

appointed one prisoners as petty officer in charge;

◼ Academic classes of one hour a day was given to all

inmates under 20 years of age.
ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE

◼ Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia.

◼ Introduced a progressive humane system to substitute for corporal

punishment.

◼ When a prisoner earned a required number of marks, he was given a

ticket of leave, which is equivalent to parole.

◼ He introduced several other progressive measures which aimed is to

rehabilitate prisoners.

◼ Example: Fair disciplinary trials, built of churches, disturbed books and

permitted prisoners to have small gardens.
DOMETS OF FRANCE

◼ Established agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839.

◼ The boys were housed in cottage with house father as in

charge.

◼ The system was based on re-education rather than force.

◼ When discharged the boys were place under the

supervision of a patron.
SIR WALTER CROFTON

◼ Chairman of the directors of Irish prison;

◼ In 1856, Crofton introduced the Irish System

Irish System

▪ 1 stage of Irish
st

▪ 2 stage of Irish
nd

▪ 3 stage of Irish System

rd

▪ Final stage of Irish System

• 1 stage of Irish System
st

• solitary confinement for 9 months at a certain prison. The

prisoner at this stage were given reduced diet and allowed
monotonous work. The prisoner progress to a more
interesting work, some education and better treatment
toward the end of the first stage.
▪ 2 stage of Irish System
nd

▪ assignment to the public work at Spike Island. The

prisoner worked in his promotion through series of
grades, according to mark system and wore a badge of
distinction to show his status.
▪ 3 stage of Irish System
rd

▪ prisoner was sent to Lurk or Smith field which was sort

of preparation for release. Hence, the prisoner worked
without custodial supervision and was exposed to
ordinary temptations of freedom.
▪ Final stage of Irish System
▪ release on supervision under conditions.
ZEBULON R. BROCKWAY

◼ Brockway introduced in Elmira, New York, a new institutional

program for boys from 16 to 30 years of age.

◼ The new prisoner was classified as 2 grade and was promoted

nd

to 1 grade after 6 months of good behavior. Another 6

st

months of good behavior in the 1 grade qualified him for

st

parole. If the prisoner committed misconduct he was demoted

to 3 stage where he was required to show good conduct for
rd

one month before he could be reclassified to 2 grade.

nd
Prison/Penitentiary, Jail Distinguished
JAIL PRISON
◼ defined as a place of confinement for ◼ refers to the national prisons
inmates under investigation or
undergoing trial, or serving short-term or penitentiaries managed and
sentences. supervised by the Bureau of
Corrections an agency under
◼ Jails includes provincial, district, city and
municipal jails managed and supervised the Department of Justice.
by the Provincial Government and the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
(BJMP), respectively, which are both
under the Department of the Interior and
Local Government.
◼ “Prison” refers to a penal establishment under the control
of the Bureau of Corrections and shall include:
▪ New Bilibid Prison
▪ Correctional Institution for Women
▪ Leyte Regional Prison
▪ Davao
▪ San Ramon
▪ Sablayan, and
▪ Iwahig Prison and Penal Farms
New Bilibid Prison

◼ Old Bilibid Prison- with the Spanish Penal Code in 1847, the construction started.

◼ 1865- The Bilibid Prison was opened by virtue of Royal Decree of Spanish.

◼ Old Bilibid Prison was transferred to the government of Manila and used by the City of
Manila as the City Jail.

◼ New BilibidPrision-552 hectares

◼ 1936- the Bureau started the construction

◼ 1941- it was transferred to Muntinlupa City.

◼ Capacity of 8,700 inmates (24,780 inmates as of 2012)

Two Satellite Units of New Bilibid

◼ BukangLiwayway Camp- minimum security

prisoner;

◼ Sampaguita Camp- located the Reception and

Diagnostic Center, the medium security unit and
youth center.
◼ The New Bilibid Prison specialized in the industrial type of
vocational training, furniture shop, shoe shop, auto mechanics,
tailoring, electronics, carpentry, gardening, poultry, piggery
etc.

◼ It offers a complete high school education, part of Rizal High

School and it is started on 1956.

◼ Now, college is also offer in NBP, under the assistance of

University of Perpetual Help.
San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

◼ Located in Southern tip of Zamboanga.

◼ Aug 21, 1869- It was established for confinement of political offenders

◼ Ramon Blanco- San Ramon was named after its founder.

◼ San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm- has an area of 1,524.6 hectares

◼ Houses of maximum, medium and minimum

◼ Population of 1300 prisoners, but at present 959

◼ Copra is the biggest sources of income.

◼ Rice, corn, coffee, cattle are also their sources

Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm
◼ Located in Puerto Princesa, Palawan

◼ Institution for incorrigibles.

◼ By virtue of Reorganization Act of 1407 created by Bureau of Prison on Nov 1, 1905,

the authorities changed the policy of sending incorrigibles, instead inmates who
are well-behaved.

◼ One of the best open institutions in the world.

◼ Average of 4000 prisoners but at present 2223

◼ 36, 000 hectares

4 Colony of Iwahig Prison

◼ Sta- Lucia Sub Colony;

◼ Inagawan Sub Colony;

◼ Montible Sub-Colony; and

◼ Central Sub-Colony.
◼ Iwahig administers Tagumpay settlement. The settlement is 1000
hectares which was subdivided into 6 hectares homestead lots.
Correctional Institution for Women

◼ 18 hectares

◼ Official capacity is 1000 but the present population is 2,711

◼ 1931-established in Mandaluyong Rizal by authority of Act No.

357 which was passed on Nov. 27, 1929

◼ 1934- position for female superintendent was created.

Davao Penal Colony
◼ 18,000 hectares
◼ This was established on Jan 21, 1932 in accordance to Act No.
3732 and Proclamation 414 of 1931.
◼ Official capacity of prisoner 3,100 but at present 5,717
◼ Biggest banana and abaca plantation
◼ Combination of medium and minimum custody.
◼ Gen. Paulino Santos- first founder and Director of Prison
Two Colonies

◼ Panabo Sub-Colony;

◼ Kapolong Sub – Colony

◼ Colony engaged with Tagum Development Company or Tadeco in
3000 hectares banana plantation
Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm

◼ 16, 408.5 hectares in Sabalayan, Occidental Mindoro.

◼ 1500 prisoner population average but at present 2,372

◼ Youngest and fastest growing colony under Bureau

◼ Rice is the principal product

◼ Sept 27, 1954- Issued Proclamation No. 72 setting the Sabalayan

◼ Mr. Candido Bagasoain – first head of Sabalayan

Leyte Regional Prison

◼ The Leyte Regional Prison is in Abuyog, Southern Leyte.

◼ It was established a year after the declaration of martial

law in 1972 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 28.
While its plantilla and institutional plan were almost
ideal, lack of funds made the prison unable to realize its
full potential and its facilities are often below par
compared with those of other established penal farms.
◼ The LRP has an inmate capacity of 500. It follows
the same agricultural format as the main
correctional program in addition to some
rehabilitation activities. The prison admits
convicted offenders from Region VI and from the
national penitentiary in Muntinlupa.
Bureau of Prison
◼ Bureau of Prison was renamed Bureau of Corrections under
Executive Order 292 passed during the Aquino Administration.

◼ It is headed by the Director who is appointed by the President of the

Philippines with the confirmation of the Commission of
Appointments.

◼ The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and control of all

national prisons or penitentiaries. It is in charged with the safekeeping
of all insular prisoners confined therein or committed to the custody
of the Bureau.
Prisoner
◼ An inmate who convicted with final judgment and classified as
insular, provincial, city or municipal prisoner.
Four Classes of Prisoners

◼ Insular or national prisoner

▪ one who is sentenced to a prison term of three years
and one day to death;
◼ Provincial prisoner
▪ one who is sentenced to a prison term of six months and
one day to three years;
◼ City prisoner
▪ one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to
three years; and
◼ Municipal Prisoner
▪ one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six
months.
Detainee
◼ Three Types of Detainees
1. Those undergoing investigation;
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
3. those awaiting final judgment.
Inmate
◼ either a prisoner or detainee
ADMISSION OF INMATES

◼ An inmate shall be admitted in the Reception and Diagnostic

Center of a prison upon presentation of the following documents:
▪ Mittimus/Commitment Order of the court;
▪ Information and Court decision in the case;
▪ Certificate of Detention , if any and
▪ Certification that the case is not on appeal.
ADMISSION PROCESS
◼ After registration, the inmate shall be photographed,
fingerprinted and assigned a permanent prison number.
◼ inmate shall be searched thoroughly
◼ Confiscation of contraband
◼ Issuance of uniforms
RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER

◼ There shall be a Reception and Diagnostic Center in every

prison which shall receive and classify inmates and detainees
committed to the Bureau.
◼ Quarantine
▪ Upon admission in the Reception and Diagnostic Center, an
inmate shall be placed in quarantine for at least five (5) days.
◼ During quarantine he/she shall be:
▪ examined physically;
▪ oriented with prison rules; and
▪ interviewed by a counselor, social worker or other program
staff officers. The interview shall be conducted in private.
◼ After the quarantine period, the inmate shall remain in the
Reception and Diagnostic Center for a period not exceeding
fifty-five (55) days.
▪ Where he/she shall undergo psychiatric, psychological, sociological,
vocational, educational and religious and other examinations.
▪ The results of said examinations shall be the basis for the inmate’s
individualized treatment program.
◼ Thereafter, he shall be assigned to a prison facility as may be
recommended by the Chief of the Reception and Diagnostic
Center.
CLASSIFICATION BOARD

▪ Chairman-Superintendent
▪ Vice-chairman-Chief, Reception and Diagnostic Center
▪ Members- Medical Officer; Chief, Education Section; Chief,
Agro-Industries Section
▪ Secretary-Chief Overseer
CLASSIFICATION OF INMATE
◼ Maximum Security
◼ Medium Security
◼ Minimum Security
Maximum Security
◼ highly dangerous or high security risk inmates
◼ those sentenced to death
◼ those whose minimum sentence is twenty (20) years
imprisonment
Medium Security
◼ Those who cannot be trusted in less-secured areas and those
whose conduct or behavior require minimum supervision.
◼ those whose minimum sentence is less than twenty (20) years
imprisonment
Minimum Security
◼ Those who can be reasonably trusted to serve their sentence
under less restricted conditions.
◼ Have only six months more to serve before the expiration of their
maximum sentence.
Color of uniform
◼ Maximum security = tangerine
◼ Medium security = blue
◼ Minimum security = brown
◼ Detainee = gray
RIGHTS OF AN INMATE

◼ to receive compensation for labor he performs;

◼ to be credited with time allowances for good conduct and loyalty;

◼ to send and receive mail matter;

◼ to practice his religion or observe his faith;

◼ to receive authorized visitors;

◼ to ventilate his grievances through proper channels; and

◼ to receive death benefits and pecuniary aid for injuries.

PRIVILEGES OF AN INMATE
◼ Attend or participate in any entertainment or athletic activity within the
prison reservation;

◼ Read books in the library;

◼ Smoke cigar and cigarettes, except in prohibited places;

◼ Participate in civic, religious and other activities authorized by prison

authorities; and

◼ Receive gifts and prepared food from visitors subject to inspection.

PRISON LABOR
◼ A finally convicted able-bodied inmate may be
required to work at least eight (8) hours a day,
except on Sundays and legal holidays, in and about
the prison.
 GOOD CONDUCT TIME ALLOWANCE

◼ Article 97 of RPC amended by Section 3 of RA

10592 (Allowance for Good Conduct)
GCTA
◼ Director may grant a GCTA to an inmate who displays good
behavior and who has no record of breach of discipline or
violation of prison rules and regulations.
◼ 2 years =20 days every month
◼ 3 - 5 years = 23 days every month
◼ 6 to 10 years = 25 days every month
◼ 11 and successive years = 30 days every month
*As any time during the period of imprisonment he shall be
allowed another deduction of 15 days for each month of study,
teaching or mentoring service time rendered.
INMATE COMMUNICATION
◼ An inmate shall have the right to communicate or correspond
with persons and organizations and to send and receive letters,
packages, books, periodicals and other materials that can be
lawfully sent by mail.
Mail Censorship
◼ All letters sent or received by an inmate, as well as magazines,
books, periodicals, and all reading matters, shall be subject to
censorship to prevent the entry of contraband and the entry or
exit of information that may adversely affect the security of the
prison.
Collection and Delivery of Mail
◼ The mail officer shall collect and deliver mail matters on a daily
basis, Monday through Friday.
◼ An inmate shall be advised to claim his letter if he fails to get it
within twenty-four (24) hours after it is received in prison.
Use of Telephone
◼ All offenders who demonstrate good behavior shall earn one
telephone call to an authorized individual every ninety (90) days.

◼ The telephone call shall be monitored and shall have a duration

not exceeding five (5) minutes.
Visiting Rights
◼ An inmate shall have the right to be visited by his family and
reputable friends.

◼ They may be visited from Sundays to Thursdays from 9:00 am to

3:00 pm. There shall be no visits on Fridays and Saturdays.

◼ Visitors shall not be allowed to stay overnight in prison.

Conjugal Visit
◼ An inmate may enjoy conjugal visits from his spouse in prisons
where there are facilities therefore under such conditions as may
be prescribed by the Director.
Pregnant CIW
◼ An infant born while the mother is serving sentence in the CIW
may be allowed to stay with the mother for a period not
exceeding one (1) year.
 MARRIAGE OF INMATES AND DETAINEES

◼ An inmate or detainee who wants to get married shall submit a

written request therefore with the Superintendent.
◼ It will not be approved, when the proposed marriage presents a
threat to the security or good order of the prison.
 ELIGIBILITY TO MARRY
◼ inmate or detainee is eligible to marry if he/she is mentally
competent; and

◼ the intended spouse has verified, in writing, an intention to marry

the inmate or detainee.
MARRIAGE EXPENSES
◼ All expenses of the marriage, e.g., marriage license, shall be paid
by:
▪ the inmate or detainee,
▪ the intended spouse,
▪ the family of the inmate or detainee,
▪ or other appropriate source approved by the Superintendent.
 Marriage ceremony, where solemnized

◼ The marriage ceremony of an inmate or detainee shall be

solemnized in prison.

◼ The marriage ceremony shall be also performed by a chaplain of

the Bureau, if it is requested.
Presence of Media
◼ The Superintendent shall require that a marriage ceremony at the
prison be a private ceremony conducted without media publicity.
 DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENT OF INMATES

◼ Every breach of discipline shall be reported to proper prison

authorities.

◼ The erring inmate shall be given due process before he is

punished.
Violation
◼ Participating in sexual acts
◼ Openly or publicly displaying photographs, pictures, drawings of
persons engaged in sexual acts, actual, masturbation, exhibitions
of the genitals;
◼ Giving gifts, selling or engaging in barter with prison personnel;
◼ Maligning any religious belief or group;
◼ Rendering personal services to or requiring personal services from
fellow inmate;
◼ Gambling;
◼ Exchanging his uniform with another inmate or wearing a
uniform other than those officially issued to him;
◼ Using profane, vulgar or obscene language or making loud or
unusual noise of any kind;
◼ Loitering in the prison compound;
◼ Giving a gift to fellow inmates or to the prison administration in
general;
◼ Controlling the activities of other inmates except in organizations
or groups recognized by prison authorities;
◼ Tattooing himself or allowing himself to be tattooed on any part
of his body.
◼ Engaging in any private work for the benefit of a prison officer or
employee;
◼ Threatening, orally or in writing, the life of any employee or
prison official;
◼ Disobeying legal orders of prison authorities promptly and
courteously;
◼ Possessing any communication device like cellular telephone,
pager or radio transceiver;
◼ Constructing, renovating or repairing, with
personal funds, a prison building or structure;
◼ Making frivolous complaints
 Imposable punishment
◼ Caution or reprimand;

◼ Cancellation of recreation, education, entertainment and visiting

privileges;

◼ Deprivation of GCTA for a specific period;

◼ Change of security status to the next higher category e.g., from

medium to maximum.
 Confinement in Disciplinary Cell
◼ If the above corrective measures prove to be ineffective, an
inmate may be punished by confinement in a disciplinary cell
from one (1) to two (2) months depending upon the gravity of the
offense committed.
 Release from Disciplinary Cell
◼ The prison medical officer shall visit periodically the inmate in the
disciplinary cell and shall advice the Superintendent if the
punishment should be terminated on grounds of physical or
mental health.
Protection of inmate from institutional abuse

◼ An inmate shall be treated with respect and fairness by prison

employees.
 He shall be protected against the following:

◼ Any cruel, unusual or degrading act as a form of disciplinary

punishment;

◼ Corporal punishment;

◼ The use of physical force by correctional officers;

◼ Deprivation of clothing, bed and bedding, light, ventilation, exercise,

food or hygienic facilities; and

◼ Forced labor.
REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT OF INMATES

◼ It is undertaken to help an inmate to be:

▪ responsible,
▪ law abiding and
▪ to have productive life upon release.
REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT OF INMATES

◼ Rehabilitation and treatment programs shall focus on providing

services that will encourage and enhance the inmate’s
▪ self-respect,
▪ self-confidence,
▪ personal dignity and
▪ sense of responsibility.
REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT OF INMATES

◼ Educational programs – Elementary, High-School and College

Education
◼ Vocational Training
◼ Religious Guidance- values formation
◼ Recreational Program-physical and sports development
Educational Program
◼ designed to improve the inmate’s communication and writing
skills, such as ability to read and write.
High school Education-
◼ designed for a regular high school diploma in coordination with
DepEd.

◼ NB: A student shall be considered completed from the program

when all credits required for a regular high school shall have been
earned and accredited.
Skills Development
◼ This is one or more programs of occupational education designed
to enhance chances for employment upon release.
Skills Development
◼ Vocational Training;
◼ Apprenticeship
◼ Vocational Training
▪ is a program to prepare an inmate for an occupation by
acquiring specific skill such as automotive mechanics, tailoring,
handicrafts and electronics
◼ Apprenticeship
▪ is a system of training a new generation with on-the-job and often
accompanying study. Apprenticeship also enables practitioners to gain
a license to practice in a regulated profession. Most of their training is
done while working for an employer who helps the apprentices learn
their trade or profession, in exchange for their continued labor for an
agreed period after they have achieved measurable competencies.

▪ is a program conducted under the direction of a supervisor who is

responsible for instructing the apprentice in all aspects of a given
occupation.
Religious Program
◼ Inmates have a greatest amount of freedom and opportunity to
pursue their religious belief and practices.
◼ It is under the direct supervision of the Superintendent or
Chaplain who must conform to general guidelines on the matter
prescribed by the Bureau.
◼ Rules, regulations and policies with regard to the safety of
inmates and orderly conduct of affairs of inmates shall apply to all
places of worship and religious activities and meeting in jails.
◼ Attendance in worship, religious activities and meetings shall be
voluntary.
◼ Places of worship, religious activities and meetings shall be
scheduled.
Religious Programs
◼ Guidance and Counseling

◼ Crisis Intervention Services

◼ Values Formation

◼ Worship/Prayer

◼ Ritual or Ministerial Services

◼ Pre-release religious Services

Recreation and Sports Program
◼ Library Services

◼ Indoor Sports such as chess, table tennis, and pool

◼ Outdoor Sports such as basketball, volleyball, softball

◼ Group Entertainment in form of movies, television, videos, stage shows, amateur,

talent contest and parlor games

◼ One hour daily physical exercise

*NB: all the facilities needed by the inmates during their recreational and sports
program shall be provided by the prison management.
Work Programs
◼ Inmates shall have to work while serving their sentences with
corresponding compensation for their labor.
Requirement in Work Programs
◼ Labor should have socio-economic redeeming value
◼ Precautions should be observed to protect the safety and health
of the inmates
◼ Daily and weekly working hours of inmates must be fixed, leaving
one rest day for recreation activities.
Compensation of the Inmates
◼ Inmates working on projects shall be paid with compensation.

◼ The whole or part of the compensation earned by the inmate may

be applied to payment of supplies and equipment used/ or may
be forfeited when resulting to misconduct or neglect.

◼ Inmates who have savings from their compensation can remit

certain amount to their relatives through assistance of prison
management.
Work Programs
◼ Work shall be at least 8 hours a day, except Sundays and legal
holidays.
INMATE ORGRANIZATIONS
◼ The Bureau shall allow inmates to participate in approved inmate
organizations for recreational, social, civic, and benevolent
purposes.
SECURITY PROCEDURES DURING EMERGIENCIES,
RIOTS, ESCAPES OR MAJOR DISTURBANCES
Control Center
◼ A prison shall establish a Control Center to control, execute and
monitor the proper and timely implementation of detailed plans
of action to cope with emergency situations caused by fires or
conflagrations, riots or other violent disturbances, or escapes.

*NB: Control Center shall be under the command of the

Superintendent or, in his absence, the Assistant Superintendent,
and in the latter’s absence, the most senior prison guard present.
Sounding of Alarm
◼ Siren
◼ bell or
◼ gun fire
When the alarm is sounded the inmates shall be:

◼ ordered to lie flat on the ground,

◼ face down,
◼ arms and legs are spread out.

*NB: On such occasions, when warnings are disregarded, the guards

shall use reasonable force to carry out the instructions.
Procedures During Riot and Disturbance

◼ At the sound of the first alarm, all inmates shall be locked up

immediately inside their respective cells/quarters.
◼ If the disturbance occurs during visiting hours, all visitors shall be
immediately ushered out of prison compound or if this is not
possible, brought to a pre-determined area inside said
compound.
◼ At the same time, all guards who are not on duty shall be directed
to immediately report.
◼ All telephone calls to and from the prison compound shall be
controlled.
◼ The Armorer shall issue the necessary anti-riot equipment and
firearms.
◼ Based on his assessment of the prevailing conditions, the guard in
command shall deploy the guards into the following groups:
◼ 1 Group –
st

▪ This is the initial wave of anti-riot assault contingent who shall

be armed with shields, protective head gear, gas masks and
night sticks or batons, when these are available.
▪ The objectives of this group are to disperse the rioters and get
their leaders.
◼ 2 Group –
nd

▪ This is the back-up force of the 1 Group who shall be equipped

st

with tear gas guns and gas grenades.

◼ 3 Group –
rd

▪ This is composed of guards who are trained in the proper

handling and use of firearms.
▪ Under the direct command of the guard-in-charge, they shall
provide covering fire to the first two groups.
◼ When the three groups mentioned above are ready, the guard-in-
charge shall direct the inmates to cease and desist, to return to
their respective cells and warn them of the consequences if they
do not obey. The leaders, if known, shall be addressed directly.
◼ If inmates fail or refuse to heed the order to return to their cells,
the guard-in-charge shall sound the 2 alarm.
nd

▪ Thereupon the 1 Group shall enter into the prison compound

st

followed by the 2 Group at a discreet distance. The third

nd

group shall be in strategic position, ready to fire if the lives of

the guards in the 1 and 2 Groups are endangered by overt
st nd

violent acts of the inmates

◼ The 1 Group shall be tasked to suppress the riot and getting the
st

leaders of the rioting group. If they meet stiff resistance, the head
of the group shall immediately order their withdrawal.
◼ Thereafter, the guard-in-charge shall order the 2 Group to fire
nd

tear gas on the inmates. When the area where the rioters are
found is saturated with gas, the 1 Group shall attack using their
st

batons to force the rioters into their cells and to get the leaders.
The use of pressurized water from the fire truck, if any, may be
resorted too.
◼ At the earliest opportunity, the guard-in-charge shall report the
prison disturbance to the nearest police station and to the
Director who shall in turn inform the Secretary.
◼ When the condition has become critical and the disturbance has
reached full intensity, the guard-in-charge shall cause the
sounding of the third alarm.

◼ At this instance, the Control Center shall notify all Police agencies
nearby for assistance and then all other plans in connection with
prison uprisings shall then be executed. Nearby hospitals shall
also be notified if the situation demands.
◼ As an extreme measure to prevent mass jail break
or serious assault upon the members of the prison
administration, the selected marksman of the 3 rd

Group maybe ordered by the guard-in-charge to

fire warning shots at the rioters. If the rioters do
not desist, the order to fire shall be given but only
to injure the designated targets belonging to the
rioting group.
◼ After the riot or disturbance, the following procedures shall be
followed:
▪ Administer first aid to the injured;
▪ Conduct a head count;
▪ Segregate leaders;
▪ Assess and determine the damage to the facilities;
▪ Investigate the causes of the riot and prosecute the leaders and other
persons involved in the riot;
▪ Repair the damage;
▪ Adopt measures to prevent repetition of similar incidents; and
▪ Submit a report on the incident to the Secretary.
Procedure during an escape or jailbreak

◼ When a jail break is in progress or has just occurred, the Control

Center shall immediately sound the alarm.

◼ The Superintendent or the Commander of the Guards shall be

notified.
◼ At the first sound of the alarm, all inmates shall be locked in their
respective cells while those in work detail shall be marched in
orderly manner to their cells.
◼ All prison personnel who are not on duty shall report to the prison
immediately and make themselves available for emergency
deployment.
◼ The Armorer shall issue firearms to members of the custodial
force who shall be immediately dispatched to strategic posts.
◼ A head count shall be made simultaneously in the different cells /
quarter of inmates to determine the identity of the escapee.
◼ Prison personnel assigned to essential posts such as the
powerhouse, kitchen, hospitals, fire station, etc. shall also make a
head count of the inmates under their supervision and report the
results thereof to the Control Center.
◼ If the identity of the escapee is established, his name and other
personal circumstances shall be immediately flashed to all units
of the Philippine National Police in the vicinity.
◼ Radio and television stations and other news media shall also be
notified of the escape and, if possible, provided with photographs
of the escapee.
◼ A Recovery Team shall be formed by the Superintendent to
proceed to all known homes, hangouts, residences and houses of
immediate relatives and friends of the escapee.
◼ In case of mass jail breaks, all members of the custodial force
shall be immediately issued firearms and assigned to critical posts
to seal off all possible escape routes while teams search the
prison premises.

◼ Prison personnel who are off-duty shall be required to report for

duty immediately.
◼ If any prison officer or employee is held hostage by the escapee,
reasonable caution to insure safety shall be taken.

◼ If the Superintendent who is taken hostage, the Assistant

Superintendent shall assume command.
◼ If no hostage was taken and the escapee is unable to leave the
prison premises but refuses to surrender to the prison authorities,
the basic plan for Riots or Disturbances shall be implemented.
◼ After the escape, the Superintendent shall conduct an
investigation relative to the escape to determine the liability of
the officer / employee under whose custody the inmate escaped.
◼ A review of security procedures and an ocular inspection of the
prison facilities shall also be made to determine the existence of
any gaps or flaws.

◼ A report on the results of said review shall be submitted to the

Secretary.
Emergency plans for calamities
◼ A prison shall establish emergency plans in cases of power failure
and natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and other
calamities.
◼ The plans shall cover the specific roles of prison personnel
present, the alarm system to be used, the emergency power units
to be utilized and the kind of security to be provided and such
other matters as are necessary to insure the safety and security of
prison personnel and inmates.
◼ Likewise, the plans shall also include detailed procedures for the
evacuation of inmates in cases of floods, earthquakes and other
calamities, if such evacuation is necessary.
◼ Fire
▪ A fire crew shall be formed consisting of prison personnel and
inmates chosen according to their security classification /
behavior, intelligence and aptitude.
▪ The inmates who are selected shall be housed separately from
the other inmates in close proximity to the Control Center
and/or the fire equipment and fire truck, if any. They may be
issued special uniforms for easy identification.
▪ At the first sign of fire, the Control Center shall sound an alarm
either by means of a siren or a bell, and at the same time, notify
the fire department, police headquarters and other units that
may help in putting out the fire and/or evacuating inmates.
▪ The person in-charge of the keys to the storage for fire-fighting
equipment, the emergency gates and gates of the different
cells/brigades, should distribute the keys to the responsible
personnel concerned.
▪ The fire crew shall immediately respond to the scene to put out
the fire while the other prison personnel shall station
themselves according to the plan.
◼ All inmates in the affected area shall be required to help in
putting out the fire.
▪ If there is a need to evacuate government records, supplies and
equipment, they should be evacuated to a safe place according
to priority and placed under proper guard.
▪ If there is a need to evacuate the inmates, they shall be
evacuated in an orderly manner, using secure motor vehicles
that will bring them to pre-arranged buildings or detention
centers for their confinement.

▪ If the inmates are evacuated outside the prison, they shall be

secured by handcuffs or other instrument of restraint.
▪ After fire incident, first aid shall be administered to the injured
inmates and a physical count of inmates shall be made.

▪ Security check of the prison to determine the extent of the

damage shall also be done.
▪ If the security conditions allow, the evacuated inmates shall be
returned to the prison.

▪ Otherwise, they shall be retained in the detention place where

they were evacuated or transferred to another penal
establishment as the Governor may decide.
▪ A thorough investigation of the causes of the fire shall be
conducted by the Superintendent and the report thereon
submitted to the Director/Governor and the local Fire
Department.
◼ Fire prevention- To prevent the occurrence of fire and to minimize
its effects, the following rules shall be followed:

▪ Inmates shall be cautioned against the hazards caused by the

careless handling of cigarettes, inflammable materials, fuel,
welding equipment, etc.
▪ Fire extinguishers shall be placed in close proximity to all
housing units and located in strategic places in buildings, and
work areas.
▪ Empty drums and cans shall be filled with water/sand and
placed in strategic places for ready use.
▪ Keys to emergency exits, cells, brigades and storage places of
fire-fighting equipment shall have distinct markings or tags,
marked and shall be accessible to the guards on duty.
▪ Portable floodlights shall, when available, be placed in the
Control Center in case of nocturnal fires.
▪ Government equipment shall be marked with tags or symbols
for easy identification and priority evacuation in case of a fire or
other emergency.
Contingency Plan
◼ In any major prison disturbance, the Superintendent shall
personally take immediate control and implement a standing
contingency plan to deter the aggression and stabilize the
situation.

◼ Drills shall be conducted from time to time to familiarize

personnel with their duties under said plan.
ESCORT PROCEDURES
Primary Duties of Escort Guard
◼ Escort guards shall exercise extreme caution at all times and shall
see to it that the inmate does not –
▪ a. Escape;
▪ b. Converse with unauthorized persons;
▪ c. Obtain forbidden articles, especially intoxicants or
weapons;
▪ d. Annoy passersby; and
▪ e. Suffer harm or humiliation.
Basic Escort Procedures
◼ a. While in transit, the inmate shall not be allowed to stop at any
place or contact any person until the destination is reached.

◼ b. The inmate shall at all times be placed under proper restraint e.g.
handcuffs.

◼ c. The inmate shall be returned to the prison facility immediately

after the purpose of the pass has been served.

◼ d. The use of a privately-owned vehicle in transporting an inmate is

prohibited.
Escort procedures for court appearance

◼ In escort duties for court hearing, the Superintendent shall

provide at least two (2) guards for every inmate.
Turnover of inmate to local jail
◼ A guard assigned to escort an inmate for court hearings who
cannot return to the prison of origin on the same day shall
request the court to issue an order turning over the inmate to the
nearest provincial/city jail or police detention cell.
Postponement/resetting of hearing
◼ After the hearing or if the scheduled hearing is postponed/rest to
another date, the inmate shall be returned to the prison of origin
without delay.
Certificate of Appearance
◼ Immediately after the trial but before leaving the court premises,
the escort-in-charge shall secure from the clerk of court a
certificate or other proof of appearance.
Procedure during outside movement of inmate

◼ Before departure from prison

▪ The written mission order issued by the Superintendent, the
mittimus and other prison records of the inmate shall be given
to the escort guards. In case of a detainee, the records shall
include the written authorization of the appellate or sentencing
court for the outside movement of the detainee.
▪ Whenever possible, the transfer shall be effected during the
daylight hours.
▪ The escort guards shall be given detailed instructions on their
duties and responsibilities, to include the instruction that they
use the most direct travel route to their authorized destination.
▪ The inmate shall be thoroughly searched for contraband or
deadly weapons or objects which may be used for escape or
self-destruction.
▪ Money found in the possession of the inmate shall be confiscated
by the Desk Officer who shall issue a receipt thereof and who shall
return the money to the inmate upon his return.

▪ If the inmate is to be confined and needs money for medicines or

food, the money therefore shall be turned over under receipt to
the escort guard.

▪ All disbursements made by the escort guard shall be properly

receipted for.
▪ The inmate shall be placed in handcuffs or other instrument of
restraint.
▪ If there is more than one inmate to be transferred, they shall be
grouped in pairs and securely connected to one another by a
rope, ascertaining that the inmate does not have crippled,
deformed or very small hands to allow him to slip the handcuffs
off.
▪ Handcuffs shall be properly adjusted for tightness before
departure to avoid the need of adjusting the same while in
transit.
▪ The inmate shall stay inside the prison premises until the
vehicle to be used in transporting him is ready for boarding.
The inmate shall board a motor vehicle ahead of the guard.
◼ In Transit
▪ The handcuffs or instruments of restraint shall not be removed
while the inmates are in transit. An inmate shall not be
handcuffed to any part of the vehicle during transit to avoid his
being trapped in case of a vehicular accident.
▪ If it is necessary to board public transportation such as a ship or
airplane, the guards shall position themselves with their
inmates in an area that is cleared of civilians, or if not possible,
shall sit/position themselves between the civilians and the
inmate/s.
▪ All inmates being escorted shall be under the supervision of a
guard at all times, including going to the toilet or washroom.
The guard shall always be close enough to the inmate to
respond to any untoward incident.
▪ If there is more than one inmate being escorted, there shall be
a head count of the inmates every turnover of guarding shift.
The team leader of the escort guard detail shall conduct an
inspection during all guarding shifts.
▪ An inmate shall not be allowed to tinker with his handcuffs or
other instrument of restraint.
▪ A guard shall always walk behind and not in front of the inmate
being escorted.
▪ If armed, the guard shall not sit, stand or walk beside the
inmate, or in any case, allow the inmate to reach his firearm.
▪ The guard shall not pass any unauthorized place while in
transit.
◼ Arrival at Destination
▪ Upon arrival at the authorized destination, the guards and their
inmate/s shall stay in the public transportation until the same is
cleared of the other passengers.

▪ They shall only disembarked after the inmate and his personal
belongings have been searched/inspected and the
transportation that will bring them finally to their final
destination is ready for boarding.
▪ The handcuffs or instrument of restraint may be removed at
the authorized destination if there is no danger of escape.
▪ The guard shall return the inmate to the prison of origin as
soon as the purpose of the outside movement has been served.
After-Mission Report
◼ After completing the mission, the leader of the guard detail shall
submit a written report to the Superintendent, together with
copies of the transmittal letter and certificate of appearance.
OTHER SECURITY PROCEDURES
Medical Referral
◼ Medical Referrals –
▪ The inmate who is brought to an outside hospital for medical
treatment/examination shall be provided with at least two (2)
escort guards and returned to the prison of origin during the
daylight hours after treatment is completed.
▪ Upon said return, the Department shall be furnished copies of
the inmate’s medical certificate, diagnosis and plan of
management.
▪ If the inmate is to be confined in a hospital, the inmate may be
handcuffed to the bed if he is ambulatory and there is a risk
that he may escape.
Viewing the Remains

▪ The inmate shall not be allowed more than three (3) hours from
the time of arrival at the wake to the time of departure from
the place where the remains lie in state.
◼ The remains to be viewed must be in a place within the radius
of thirty (30) kilometers from the place of confinement.

◼ Where the distance is more than thirty (30) kilometers, the

privilege may be enjoyed if the inmate can leave and return to
his place of confinement during the daylight hours of the same
day.
DEATH PENALTY
Death Penalty
◼ The death penalty shall be executed under the authority of the
Director by lethal injection.

◼ As used herein, lethal injection refers to sodium thiopenthotal,

pancuronium bromide, potassium chloride and such other lethal
substances as may be specified by the Director that will be
administered intravenously into the body of a convict until said
convict is pronounced dead.
Holding Cell
◼ Whenever practicable, the death convict shall, twelve (12) hours
prior to the scheduled time of execution, be confined in an
individual cell.

◼ The convict shall be provided therein with a steel/wooden bed or

mat, a pillow, a blanket and a mosquito net.
Transferring to Holding Cell
◼ After the death convict is moved to the holding cell, he may only
be visited by members of the clergy and other individuals granted
visiting privileges by the Director.
Death watch
◼ Four (4) guards shall keep a close watch over a death convict
confined in the holding cell.

◼ Said guards shall keep a detailed log book of their watch.

Religious service
◼ Subject to security conditions, a death convict maybe visited by a
priest or minister of faith and given such available religious
materials which he may require.
Meal services
◼ Meals shall, whenever practicable, be served individually to death
convicts inside the cells.

◼ Mess utensils shall be made of plastic.

◼ After each meal, the utensils shall be collected and accounted.

Visitation
◼ A death convict shall be allowed to be visited by his immediate
family and reputable friends at regular intervals and during
designated hours subject to security procedures.