Programming Techniques T6 OOP

Object oriented
OCR programming
A Level Unit 11
Computer Science Programming techniques
H446 – Paper 2
6
Objectives
• Describe the features of an object oriented language:
• classes, objects, methods, attributes, inheritance,
encapsulation and polymorphism
• Write pseudocode for a class definition

• Write pseudocode to instantiate an object and use its
methods
• Draw inheritance diagrams
• Describe the advantages of an object oriented
approach to programming
Object-oriented programming
Unit 11 Programming techniques
Object oriented programming

• By now you should have some experience in using
procedural programming to solve problems
• Object oriented programming (OOP) uses many of
the same structures
• Many programming languages such as Python and
VB.NET support both procedural programming and
OOP
• Syntax will vary according to the language, so we
will use a pseudocode version of OOP to show
general principles
Classes
• In OOP, a class is a blueprint for an object
• It defines what an object in the class will look like (its
properties), and what it can do (its methods)
• A class may implement an abstract data type such
as an array or fraction, or a more concrete object
such as a person or car
Attributes and methods

• A class will define the attributes (properties) of
objects in the class
• It will also define the methods (procedures) that an
object in the class can perform
• Suggest some attributes and methods for a class
named Dog
Attributes and methods for Dog

• The attributes given to the class Dog will depend on
what the objects in the class are going to do
• A dog could have attributes name, colour, peopleRescued
• Methods could include, search, dig, bark, rescue
• The programmer will also need methods to set (or

change) and get the attributes
Defining a class in pseudocode

class Dog
private name
private colour
public procedure new (myName, myColour)
name = myName
colour = myColour
endprocedure
public procedure bark(barkTimes)

for n = 1 to barktimes
print (“Woof!”)
next n
endprocedure
endclass
Public and private

• Refer to Worksheet 1, question 1 for the definition
of the Dog class
• Attributes are normally declared as private
• Methods (procedures) are generally declared as
public
• This is to ensure that attributes cannot be changed
except by executing a method
• Notice the procedure new – this procedure is a constructor
• It is used to create new Dog objects
Encapsulation and data hiding

• Encapsulation wraps the attributes and methods in
the class definition, hiding details of the
implementation from the user
• For example, in Python to sort a list of names called
names, you can write
• names.sort ()
• You have no idea how the list of names is sorted or

what attributes are defined in the class List, of which
names is an object
• You simply need to know the name of the method and any
parameters needed
Creating a new object

• So far, we have created a blueprint for a dog, but we
have not created, or instantiated, any dogs
• To create two new dogs called Fido and Bonnie, we
can write
• myDog1 = new Dog(“Fido”, “black”)
• myDog2 = new Dog(“Bonnie”, “golden”)
• To make Fido bark 3 times, we write

• myDog1.bark(3)
Setter and getter methods

• We often need a means to set an attribute, or to find
out the value of an attribute
• Suppose Fido’s colour was wrongly recorded as
“Black” and we wish to change it to “Brown”
• An important characteristic of OOP is data hiding
• This means that a programmer who defines an
object in a class cannot directly access or change an
attribute of the object
• It has to be done via a “getter” or “setter” method
A setter method
• In the definition of class Dog, we can add two
more procedures:
public procedure setColour(dogColour)
colour = dogColour
endprocedure
public procedure getColour()

return colour
endprocedure
Worksheet 6
• Try the questions in Task 1
Summary so far
• What is a class?
• What is an object?
• What is a constructor?
• What is instantiation?
Summary so far
• What is a class?
• A template for an object which defines its attributes
and methods
• What is an object?
• An instance of a class
• What is a constructor?
• A method used to create a new object in a class
• What is instantiation?
• Creating an instance of an object
Inheritance
• An important feature of OOP is the ability to define
“child” classes which inherit the attributes and
methods of a “parent” class
• We could define a Pet class which has attributes
type, name and colour and methods eat,
makeNoise, move
• “Child” classes could be Cat, Dog and we would not need to
redefine all the methods and attributes that are in the Animal
class
• We can add extra attributes and methods to each child class,
and redefine methods is need be
Inheritance diagram
• Inheritance can be shown in a diagram:
Inheritance example
• We have defined a class Dog which has attributes
name and colour, a constructor called new, and
methods including one called bark
• Suppose we want to create a new class
called Puppy
• This will have all the
attributes and methods of
Dog, but will have an
additional attribute
shoesChewed and an
additional method
chewShoe
Inheritance example
• Using OOP there is no need to redefine all the
attributes and methods defined in the Dog class
• We can specify that the Puppy class will inherit
these from the superclass Dog
• In addition, the Puppy class needs an extra attribute
shoesChewed, initialised to 0
Class Puppy inherits Dog
private shoesChewed
shoesChewed = 0
Adding further methods

• We need to keep count of the number of shoes that
the puppy chews
• What other methods do we need to add to the Puppy class?
Adding further methods

• We need a method chewShoe(numShoes) or
something similar
• This will add numShoes to the total of ShoesChewed
• We also need a method getShoesChewed
Worksheet 6
• Ask students to do the questions in Task 2
A Puppy constructor
• Suppose the Puppy class also has an extra attribute,
date of birth (dob), which will be set when a Puppy
object is created
Class Puppy inherits Dog
private shoesChewed = 0
public procedure new (myName, myColour,
myDob)
super.new(myName, myColour)
dob = myDob
• super.new indicates that the name and colour
attributes are inherited from the superclass
Polymorphism
• An inherited class may redefine methods that are
defined the parent class
• For example, we can redefine the bark method in the
Puppy class so that it prints out “Yap” instead of
“Woof”
• The ability of a programming language to process
objects differently depending on their class is called
polymorphism
Worksheet 6
• Try Tasks 3 and 4 on the worksheet
Advantages of OOP
• Code reuse
• Classes created in one program can easily be saved in a
library and reused in other programs – this leads to faster
program development
• Encapsulation reduces code complexity
• Once an object is created, it is not necessary to know how its
methods are implemented
• Attributes can be hidden from users so that they cannot
change them accidentally
• Software maintenance
• Object oriented programs are easier to modify and maintain
Plenary
• Can you describe the features of an object oriented
language?
• classes, objects, methods, attributes, inheritance,
encapsulation and polymorphism
• You have written class definitions and algorithms in
pseudocode, and hopefully written some object-
oriented programs as well
• You should be able to describe the advantages of an
object oriented approach to programming
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Object oriented

• Write pseudocode for a class definition

Object oriented programming

Attributes and methods

Attributes and methods for Dog

• The programmer will also need methods to set (or

Defining a class in pseudocode

public procedure bark(barkTimes)

Public and private

Encapsulation and data hiding

• You have no idea how the list of names is sorted or

Creating a new object

• To make Fido bark 3 times, we write

Setter and getter methods

public procedure getColour()

Adding further methods

Adding further methods

© 2016 PG Online Limited

The contents of this unit are protected by copyright.

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