CONTROL CHARTS FOR

ATTRIBUTES
 DEFINITION

 The term Attribute refers to those quality characteristics

that conform to specifications or do not conform to
specifications.
 Attribute are used:
1. Where measurements are not possible.
2. Where measurements can be made but are not
made because of time, cost, or need.
DEFECT:
 Defect is appropriate for use when evaluation is in terms
of usage.
 Nonconformity is appropriate for conformance to
specifications.
 The term Nonconforming Unit is used to describe a unit
of product or service containing at least one
nonconformity.
DEFECTIVE
 Defective is analogous to defect and is appropriate for
use when unit of product or service is evaluated in
terms of usage rather than conformance to
specifications.
 Limitations of variable control charts: These charts
cannot be used for quality characteristics which are
attributes.
TYPES OF ATTRIBUTE CHARTS:

1. Nonconforming Units (based on the Binomial

distribution): p chart, np chart.
2. Nonconformities (based on the Poisson
distribution): c chart, u chart.
 P CHART

 The P Chart is used for data that consist of the

proportion of the number of occurrences of an event to
the total number of occurrences.
 It is used in quality to report the fraction or percent
nonconforming in a product, quality characteristic, or
group of quality characteristics.
CALCULATE THE TRIAL CENTRAL
LINE AND CONTROL LIMITS

p (1  p )
UCL  p  3
n
p (1  p )
LCL  p  3
n
p
 np
= average of p for many subgroups
n
n = number inspected in a subgroup
 Sub- Number np p
group Inspected
Number n
EXAMPLE
1 300 12 0.040

p
 np 138
  0.018
2 300 3 0.010

 n 7500 3
4
300
300
9
4
0.030
0.013
5 300 0 0.0
0.018(1  0.018) 6 300 6 0.020
UCL  0.018  3
300 7 300 6 0.020

 0.041 8 300 1 0.003

19 300 16 0.053

25 300 2 0.007

0.018(1  0.018) Total 7500 138

LCL  0.018  3
300
 0.005  0.0
P CHART
0.053
p
0.04 UCL

0.03

0.02
p-bar
0.01

0
LCL
5 10 15 20 25
Subgroup
NP CHART
 The np chart is almost the same as the p chart.
Central line = npo

UCL  npo  3 npo (1  po )

LCL  npo  3 npo (1  po )

 Ifpo is unknown, it must be determined by

collecting data, calculating UCL, LCL.
 EXAMPLE

Subgroup n np UCL np -bar LCL

1 300 3 12.0 5.24 0.0
2 300 6 12.0 5.24 0.0
3 300 4 12.0 5.24 0.0
4 300 6 12.0 5.24 0.0
5 300 20 12.0 5.24 0.0

21 300 2 12.0 5.24 0.0

22 300 3 12.0 5.24 0.0
23 300 6 12.0 5.24 0.0
24 300 1 12.0 5.24 0.0
25 300 8 12.0 5.24 0.0
C CHART
 The procedures for c chart are the same as those
for the p chart.
 If count of nonconformities, is unknown, it must
be found by collecting data, calculating UCL &
LCL.

UCL  c  3 c LCL  c  3 c
c
c = average count of nonconformities
g
 c 141 UCL  5.64  3 5.64  12.76
EXAMPLE c   5.64
g 25

ID Number Subgroup c UCL c -bar LCL

MY102 1 7 12.76 5.64 0
MY113 2 6 12.76 5.64 0
MY121 3 6 12.76 5.64 0
MY125 4 3 12.76 5.64 0
MY132 5 20 12.76 5.64 0 LCL  5.64  3 5.64
MY143 6 8 12.76 5.64 0  1.48  0
MY150 7 6 12.76 5.64 0
MY152 8 1 12.76 5.64 0
MY164 9 0 12.76 5.64 0
MY166 10 5 12.76 5.64 0
MY172 11 14 12.76 5.64 0
MY267 22 4 12.76 5.64 0
MY278 23 14 12.76 5.64 0
MY281 24 4 12.76 5.64 0
MY288 25 5 12.76 5.64 0
 c-Chart

25

20

c
UCL
Count of Nonconformities

c-bar
15 LCL

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Subgroup Num ber
U CHART
 The u chart is mathematically equivalent to
the c chart.

u
c
u
 c
n n

u u
UCL  u  3 LCL  u  3
n n
 u
 c 3389
  1.20
EXAMPLE  n 2823
ID Number Subgroup n c u UCL u -Bar LCL
30-Jan 1 110 120 1.091 1.51 1.20 0.89
31-Jan 2 82 94 1.146 1.56 1.20 0.84
1-Feb 3 96 89 0.927 1.54 1.20 0.87
2-Feb 4 115 162 1.409 1.51 1.20 0.89
3-Feb 5 108 150 1.389 1.52 1.20 0.88
4-Feb 6 56 82 1.464 1.64 1.20 0.76
28-Feb 26 101 105 1.040 1.53 1.20 0.87
1-Mar 27 122 143 1.172 1.50 1.20 0.90
2-Mar 28 105 132 1.257 1.52 1.20 0.88
3-Mar 29 98 100 1.020 1.53 1.20 0.87
4-Mar 30 48 60 1.250 1.67 1.20 0.73
 For January 30:

c 120
u Jan 30    1.09
n 110

1.20
UCLJan 30  1.20  3  1.51
110

1.20
LCLJan 30  1.20  3  0.89
110
Advantages of attribute control charts

 Allowing for quick summaries, that is, the

engineer may simply classify products as acceptable
or unacceptable, based on various quality criteria.

 Thus, attribute charts sometimes bypass the need

for expensive, precise devices and time-consuming
measurement procedures.

 More easily understood by managers unfamiliar

with quality control procedures.