INTRODUCTION TO

SOLUBILITY
Introduction to Solubility
A. Definition: Maximum amount
of a substance that can dissolve
in a specified amount of solvent
at a particular temperature.
B. Factors affecting solubility:
Nature of solute, nature of
solvent, temperature, and
pressure.
SOLUBILITY- TYPES
Solubility of a solid in a liquid
Effect of temperature
Effect of pressure
Solubility of a gas in a liquid
Effect of pressure
Effect of temperature
SOLUBILITY OF A SOLID IN
A LIQUID
A. Like Dissolves Like Principle
1. Explanation: - Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, and non-polar
solutes in non-polar solvents due to similar intermolecular forces.
2. Example: - Water (polar solvent) dissolves table salt (polar solute) due to
electrostatic interactions between water molecules and ions in salt.
SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONS
1. Dissolution and Crystallization: - Dissolution: Process of solute particles mixing
with solvent to form a solution. - Crystallization: Process of solute particles leaving
solution to form crystals.
2. Dynamic equilibrium: - Rate of dissolution equals rate of crystallization,
maintaining constant solute concentration.
3. Saturated solution vs. unsaturated solution: - Saturated solution: Maximum solute
dissolved at specific conditions. - Unsaturated solution: Can dissolve more solute at
same conditions.
What is the process in which solute particles mix with a
solvent to form a solution?
Condensation
Crystallization
Evaporation
A. Dissolution

Answer

Correct answer: D
Define dynamic equilibrium in the context of saturated
and unsaturated solutions.

Answer

Suggested answer:
Dynamic equilibrium is when the rate of dissolution equals the rate of
crystallization, maintaining a constant solute concentration.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
SOLUBILITY OF A SOLID IN A LIQUID

A. Le Chatelier's Principle
1. Endothermic and exothermic dissolution: - Endothermic dissolution absorbs heat,
while exothermic dissolution releases heat.
B. Temperature-dependent solubility
1. Increase in temperature and endothermic dissolution: - Higher temperature
increases solubility in endothermic dissolution (e.g., sugar in water).
2. Decrease in temperature and exothermic dissolution: - Higher temperature
decreases solubility in exothermic dissolution (e.g., calcium hydroxide in water).
EXOTHERM
IC
DISSOLUTI
ON
EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON
SOLUBILITY OF A SOLID IN A
LIQUID
A. Incompressibility of solids and liquids - Solids and liquids are
highly incompressible, meaning their volumes do not change
significantly with pressure changes.
B. Negligible effect of pressure on solubility of solids in liquids -
Changes in pressure do not significantly alter the volume of solid
solutes or liquid solvents, thus having little impact on their
solubility.
SOLUBILITY OF A GAS IN A
LIQUID
SOLUBILITY OF A GAS IN A
LIQUID
-HENRY’S LAW
“The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a
liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas”.
Or, “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas (χ) in the solution”

p = KH χ

Here KH is the Henry’s law constant. The value of KH depends on the nature
of the gas and temperature. As the value of KH increases, the solubility of the
gas in the liquid decreases.
HENRY’S LAW
A graph of partial
pressure (p) of the gas
against mole fraction (χ)
of the gas in solution is a
straight line as follows.
The slope of the graph
gives the value of KH
AQUATIC SPECIES ARE MORE
COMFORTABLE IN COLD WATERS
RATHER THAN IN WARM WATERS. WHY?
Temperature
dependence of
As the temperature solubility of gas in
increases solubility of liquid
a gas in a liquid
decreases. It is due to
this reason that aquatic
species are more
comfortable in cold
waters rather than in
warm waters.
 Solubility
decreases with
increase in
temperature
APPLICATIONS OF HENRY’S
LAW
1. To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed
under high pressure.
2. A medical condition known as bends in scuba divers. To avoid bends the cylinders
used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (The composition of the
air in the cylinders used by scuba divers is 32.1% oxygen, 56.2% nitrogen and
11.7% helium). (Helium dissolves much less and decompression is quicker)
3. A medical condition known as anoxia in people living at high altitudes and in
mountaineers or climbers
TO INCREASE THE SOLUBILITY OF CO 2 IN SOFT
DRINKS AND SODA WATER, THE BOTTLE IS SEALED
UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.
BENDS IN SCUBA DIVERS
DEEP SEA DIVING
NITROGEN BUBBLE IN THE
BLOODSTREAM
Peruvian Diver Doubles
In Size After Surfacing
Quickly From Ocean
VAPOUR PRESSURE
When the rate of evaporation becomes equal to rate of condensation
and the two processes attain equilibrium, the pressure exerted by the
vapour in equilibrium with its own liquid is vapour pressure

As the temperature
increases, the vapour
pressure also increases.
RAOULT'S LAW (LIQUID-
LIQUID COMPONENTS)
Raoult's Law : Explanation of the quantitative relationship between vapour pressure
and mole fraction of solute
It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each
component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction
RAOULT'S LAW
Consider a binary solution of two volatile liquids 1 and 2. Let P 1 and P2 be the
partial vapour pressures of the two components 1 and 2 respectively and P total be
the total vapour pressure. Let χ1 and χ2 be the mole fractions of the two
components 1 and 2 respectively.