PERTEMUAN IX

Keterampilan Speaking/Listening serta

Reading /Writing dengan language focus
pada Participial Adjectives

PRADITYA- WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI

 1. Grammar: Participal Adjectives
a. Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
1) There are many pairs of adjectives ending in -ing and -ed.
For example : boring and bored. Study this example situation:
Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every
day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She
doesn’t enjoy it any more and would like to do something
different.
• Jane’s job is boring.
• Jane is bored (with her job).
Someone is -ed if something (or someone) is -ing. Or, if
something is -ing, it makes you –ed. So :
• Jane is bored because her job is boring.
• Jane’s job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not ‘Jane is boring’)
Now study these examples :
Someone is interested because something (or someone) is
interesting :
 Tom is interested in politics. (not ‘interesting in politics’)
 Tom finds politics interesting.
PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI
 Are you interested in buying a car?
 Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?
 Someone is surprised because something is surprising:
 Everyone was surprised that he passed the
examination.
 It was quite surprising that he passed the examination.
Someone is disappointed because something is
disappointing.
• I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be
much better.
• The film was disappointing. I expected it to be much
better.
Someone is tired because something is tiring.
• He is always very tired when he gets home from work.
• He has a very tiring job.
2
1) Other pairs of adjectives ending in -ing and –ed are :
fascinating fascinated horrifying horrified 1. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)
exciting excited terrifying terrified a) This weather is ......................... b) This weather makes me ......................
amusing amused frightening frightened 2. Astronomy is one of Tom’s main interests. (interest-)
amazing amazed depressing depressed
a) Tom is .............. in astronomy.
astonishing astonished worrying worried
b) He finds astronomy very ....................... .
shocking shocked annoying annoyed
3. I turned off the television in the middle of the programme. (bor-)
disgusting disgusted exhausting exhausted
a) The programme was .................. . b) I was ........................
embarrassing embarrassed satisfying satisfied
confusing confused
4. Ann is going to America next month. She has never been there before.(excit-)
a) She is really ............. about going.
b) It will be an .............. experience for her.
a. Let’s Practice.
5. Diana teaches young children. It’s a hard job. (exhaust-)
1) Exerices 1 a) She often finds her job .............. .
Direction: In this exercise you have to complete two sentences for each situation. b) At the end of the day’s work she is often ................ .
Use an adjective ending in -ing or -ed to complete each sentence.
Example: The film wasn’t as good as we had expected. (disappoint-)
a) The film was disappointing.
b) We were disappointed with the film.

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI 3

 1) Choose the right adjective.
Example : I was disappointing/disappointed with the film. I had expected it to
be better.
1. We were all horrifying/horrified when we heard about disaster.
2. It’s sometimes embarrassing/embarrassed when you have to ask people for
money.
3. Are you interesting/interested in football?
4. I enjoyed the football match. It was quite exciting/excited.
5. It was a really terrifying/terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very
shocking/shocked.
6. I had never expected to be offered the job. I was really amazing/amazed when I
was offered it.
7. The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really disgusting/disgusted.
8. Do you easily get embarrassing/embarrassed?
PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI
1) Complete these sentences with an adjective ending in -ing or -ed. The first
letter(s) of the adjective are given each time.
Example : Jane finds her job boring. She wants to do something different.
1. I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not very in................ in art.
2. We went for a very long walk. It was very ti................ .
3. Why do you always look so b................? Is your life really so b................?
4. He’s one of the most b................ people I’ve ever met. He never stops talking and
never says anything in................ .
5. I was as................ when I heard they were getting divorced. They had always
seemed so happy together.
6. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite ex................ about it.
4
 a. Adjectives: Word Order ( ‘a nice new house)

1) Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together : 1) Sometimes there are two or more fact adjectives. Very often (but not always) we
put fact adjectives in this order :
 Tom lives in a nice new house.
1 2 3 4 5
 In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table. how → how → what → where → what →

Adjectives like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us is it NOUN

big? old? colour? from? made
objective information about something (age, size, colour etc.) Adjectives like of?
nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what someone thinks of
something. a tall young man (1 → 2) a large wooden table (1 → 5)
big blue eyes (1 → 3) an old Russian song (2 → 4)
Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives:
a small black plastic bag (1 → 3 → 5) an old white cotton shirt (2 → 3 → 5)
opinion fact
a nice sunny day
Adjectives of size and length (big/small/tall/short/long etc.) usually go
delicious hot soup
before adjectives of shape and width (round/fat/thin/slim/wide etc.) :
an intelligent young man
a large round table a tall thin girl a long narrow street
a beautiful large round wooden table

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI 5

 1) We also use adjectives after some verbs, especially be/get/become :
Are you tired? Be careful! I’m getting hungry.
We also use adjectives after : feel smell taste sound seem look :
 Do you feel tired?
 The dinner smells good.
 Tom sounded angry when I spoke to him on the phone.
 This tea tastes a bit strange.
 Your friend seems very nice.
But after other verbs you must use an adverb :
 Drive carefully ! (not ‘drive careful’)
 Susan plays the piano very well. (not ‘plays ... very good’)
 Tom shouted at me angrily. (not ‘shouted ... angry’)
Look We use an adjective after look when it means seem :
 Tom looked sad when I saw him.
But after look at we use an adverb :
 Tom looked at me sadly. (not ‘looked at me sad’)

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI 6

 2. Speaking Activity!

How healthy are you?

Complete the health chart below with the information about your diet and lifestyle. 1. What do you 2. What do you 3. What do you 4. What other
Then, compare your health chart with your partner’s and ask each other questions. eat? drink? avoid? things do you
do?
Example: fish Green tea chocolate Have a
massage
A: How often do you eat/have fish?
B: Every day/ twice a week.

A: Do you drink tea with your meals?

B: Usually after my meals.

A: Why do you avoid chocolate?

B: I put on weight easily.

A: Do you regularly have a massage?

B: Usually once a week.

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI 7

 3. Reading Comprehension!
Complete the text with these words: platoon, battalion, section, or company.

British Army Organization

The (1) ___________ is the smallest element in the Army. The section commander is a
corporal and the second in command (2IC) is a lance corporal. An infantry (2)
____________has between eight and ten men.

(3) A ___________ has three sections. The platoon commander is a second lieutenant
or lieutenant. A sergeant is second in command. An infantry (4) __________has
between 24 and 30 officers and men.

(5) A __________ has three platoons. The commander is called the OC (officer
commanding). In the British Army the OC is a major. The 2IC is a captain. The senior
NCO is company sergeant major (CSM).

An infantry (6) ____________ has five companies. The commander is called the CO
(commanding officer). The CO is lieutenant colonel and his 2IC is a major. The senior
NCO is the regimental sergeant major (RSM).

(Campaign English for military, Book 1 p. 34)

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI 8

 Are the sentences true or false?

7. A section has four men. _________________

8. The section commander is a sergeant. ________________

9. A company has three platoons. __________

10. The company OC is a captain. ___________

11. A battalion has nine platoons. ______________

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI

 4. Listening Activity!

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI

 5. Writing Activity!
Generalizations, Problems and Solutions. Such statements are dangerous because there may well be exceptions. Instead, it is
a. Using Generalizations better to use cautious phrases such as:

• Cats may be/tend to be more intelligent than dogs.

1) Generalisations are often used to give a simple introduction to a topic. Compare:
• Young children often learn second languages easily.
• The majority of smokers in Britain are women with
• Smoking can cause lung cancer.
• 56.2% of all UK smokers are women, and 43.8% are men.

Although the second sentence is more accurate, the first is easier to understand and a. How To Make Generalizations
remember. The writer must decide when accuracy is necessary and when a
generalisation will be acceptable. Generalisations can be made in two ways:

2) You must avoid using generalisations which cannot be supported by evidence or 1) Most commonly using the plural:

research or are unclear: Computers have transformed the way we live.

2) Using the singular + definite article (more formal):
• Cats are more intelligent than dogs.
The computer has transformed the way we live.
• Young children learn second languages easily.

• Smoking causes lung cancer.

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI

 a. Paragraph Organization
How can road congestion be reduced?
Currently, roads are often congested, which is expensive in terms of delays to the
movement of people and freight. It is commonly suggested that building more roads,
or widening existing ones, would ease the traffic jams. But not only is the cost of
such work high, but the construction process adds to the congestion, while the
resulting extra road space may encourage more traffic, so it is only a short-term
answer. Therefore constructing more roads is unlikely to solve the problem and
other remedies, such as road pricing or greater provision of public transport, should
be examined.
Problem: Currently, roads are often congested, which is expensive in terms of
delays to the movement of people and freight.
Solution A: It is commonly suggested that building more roads, or widening existing
ones, would ease the traffic jams.
Arguments against solution A: But not only is the cost of such work high, but the
construction process adds to the congestion, while the resulting extra road space
may encourage extra traffic, so it is only a short-term answer.
Conclusion in favour of solutions B and C: … other remedies, such as road
pricing or greater provision of public transport, should be examined.
PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI
a. Alternative Structure
How can road congestion be reduced?
Currently, roads are often congested, which is expensive in terms of delays to the
movement of people and freight. It is commonly suggested that building more roads, or
widening existing ones, would ease the traffic jams. This remedy is criticised for being
expensive and liable to lead to more road use, which may be partly true, yet the
alternatives are equally problematic. Road pricing has many practical difficulties, while
people are often reluctant to use public transport. There is little alternative to a road
building programme except increasing road chaos.
Problem: Currently, roads are often congested, which is expensive in terms of delays
to the movement of people and freight.
Solution A: It is commonly suggested that building more roads, or widening existing
ones, would ease the traffic jams.
Arguments against solution A: This remedy is criticised for being expensive and
liable to lead to more road use, which may be partly true …
Solutions B and C and arguments against: … yet the alternatives are equally
problematic. Road pricing has many practical difficulties, while people are often
reluctant to use public transport.
Conclusion in favour of solution A: There is little alternative to a road building
programme except increasing road chaos.
 a. Vocabulary
three main difficulties have arisen …
the main challenge faced by nurses …
one of the concerns during the
recession …
the new process created
two questions …
the team faced three main issues …
our principal worry/dilemma was …
PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI
the best remedy for this may be …
two answers have been put
forward …
another suggestion is …
Matheson’s proposal was finally
accepted.
this was rectified/solved by …
another avenue worth exploring is …
a. Brainstorming on Topics
Topic: University expansion
Problem: Demand for university places is growing, leading to overcrowding in
lectures and seminars
Solution A: Increase fees to reduce demand
Argument against A: Unfair to poorer students
Solution B: Government pays to expand universities
Argument against B: Unfair to average taxpayer who would be subsidising the
education of a minority who will earn high salaries
Conclusion: Government should subsidise poorer students
 Exercise 1
Most essays move from the general to the specific, as a generalisation has to be
supported and developed. For example, an essay with the title ‘The impact of
globalisation on the Chinese economy’ might develop in this way:
Choose a title from the following list and then write a generalisation and develop it in
the same way.
a) Does tourism always have a negative effect on the host country?
b) Should governments use taxation to promote public health?
c) Is it more important to protect forests or to grow food?
d) Is it better for the state to spend money on primary or university education?

Generalisation Support Development > Specific

Generalisation Support Development > Specific
Since the mid- The reasons for this are a China has played a
twentieth century there combination of international significant part in this
has been a agreements such as GATT, process, with its
remarkable increase in better transport and improved international trade growing
international trade. communications. by 16 times in just 20 years,
while its GDP increased by
nearly 10% per year.

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI

 SUBJECT TASK

• in groups of 5 (five), find a problem in your subject of study and try to write
an article on it.

• Final article should be finished by end of semester.

• The following weeks would discuss the progress of the article

PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI

 THE REPUBLIC OF
INDONESIA DEFENSE UNIVERSITY

Thank you for

Your attention!
PRADITYA - WIRATAMA – NAGARA BHAKTI