Mycorrhizae

Endomycorrhiza & Ectomycorrhiza

Presented to: Dr. Rais Ahmad

Presented By: Saqib Jamshed
Faizan Ali
 Plant-microbe interaction
• Various relationships and interactions between plants and
microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, in their
environment.
• Both beneficial and detrimental
• Play a crucial role in shaping plant growth, development, and overall
health.
• There are several types of plant–microbe interactions:
• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
Mutualistic Symbiosis:
• Some microorganisms form mutually beneficial relationships with
plants.
• For example, mycorrhiza
 Mycorrhizae:
• The word mycorrhiza was coined by German scientist Albert Bernhard F
rank in 1885
• Derived from Greek words 'mukes' meaning fungus and 'rhiza' meaning
roots
• Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between the roots of most plant
species and certain types of fungi.
• These associations benefit both the plant and the fungus involved.
• Fungi provide the plant with essential nutrients like phosphorus, while the
plant provides the fungi with sugars as a carbon source
Types:
• There are two main types of mycorrhizae:
• Ectomycorrhizae
• Endomycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhizae:
• Ectomycorrhizae are characterized by the formation of a fungal sheath,
or mantle, around the root tips of the plant
• The fungus does not penetrate the root cells, but rather forms a dense
network of hyphae (fungal threads) around the root surface.
• The hyphae extend into the surrounding soil, forming a sheath that
helps the plant absorb nutrients, particularly phosphorus, from the soil.
• Ectomycorrhizae are commonly associated with tree species, such as
conifers and some deciduous trees
Fungus Forming Ectomycorrhizae:
• Amanita muscaria
• Boletus variegatus
• Paxillus invalutus
• Rhizopogon vinicolor
• Entomoloma
• Sclerodendran Rhizopogon Entomoloma
The mycorrhizal association between pine and Amanita muscaria
Advantages of ectomycorrhizae:
• Extensive multibranching hyphae increases the water holding capacity
of plants
• Increase the tolerance to drought, high soil temperature, organic and
inorganic soil toxins, extremes of soil acidity to sulphur and
aluminium.
• Enhance the uptake of many nutrients (P, Cu, Zn through harting net)
• Play a key role in afforestation.
Endomycorrhizae:
• Endomycorrhizae, also known as arbuscular mycorrhizae or vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), are characterized by the fungus
penetrating the root cells of the plant.
• The fungus forms structures called arbuscules, which are treelike
structures that are inside the root cells, and vesicles, which are storage
structures.
• These structures facilitate nutrient exchange between the plant and the
fungus, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen.
• Endomycorrhizae are commonly associated with a wide range of plant
species, including many agricultural crops and grasses
VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae)
Root colonization in AM:
• In the Arum-type the fungal hyphae grow intercellularly and well-
developed arbuscules are formed on branches entering the neighboring
cells.
• In the Paris-type the hyphae grow intracellularly, develop hyphal
coils in some cortical cells and smaller arbuscules develop on
these coils.
Fungi forming endomycorrhizae:
• Endogone
• Glomus
• Sclerocystis
• Acaulospora
• Gigaspora
• Enterophophora
• Scutellispora
Glomus
Developing arbuscule of Glomus mosseae in a root
cell with fine branch hyphae arrows
Endomycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae
Generally fungi produce its typical structures, Fungi produce most of its structure outside the
vesicles and arbuscules inside the root system root system

Commonly associated with agricultural, Commonly associated with trans temperate

horticultural and tropical trees forests tree roots

Have a loose network of hyphae in the soil and an Form a complete mantle or sheath over the
extensive growth within the cortex cells of the surface of the root and hyphae grows out in the
plants soil

Cannot be cultured on artificial media Can be cultured on artificial media

Doesn't cause morphological changes in roots Cause morphological changes in roots

Ectomycorrhizae Vs. Endomycorrhizae
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