HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT?

– Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

How is the Renaissance

Historically Significant?
Chapter 05
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

What Will I Learn?

• Define the Renaissance
• Explain how the achievements of people shaped the Renaissance
• Appreciate changes in the arts and science brought about by the
Renaissance
• Explain how the Renaissance is historically significant
• Explore the contribution of technological developments and innovation to
historical change
• Illustrate patterns of change in Health and Medicine
• Explore the Nature of History
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What was the

Renaissance?
‘The world is about to break
out of darkness … and return
to the pure brightness of
Ancient Greece and Rome’
Petrarch (Italian Poet)
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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The Learning of the Renaissance

Humanism
• Studied the writings of
Ancient Greece and
Rome
• Developed new ideas
The Ambassadors, by Hans Holbein the Younger • Wanted to improve life
on Earth
What subjects, or areas of knowledge, can you
identify in the painting?
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Why Did the

Renaissance
Begin in Italy?

See Skills Book p. 45

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

What Significant Changes

Occurred in Painting?

Medieval Renaissance
Painting Painting
Cimabue’s Raphael’s The
Madonna Marriage of
Enthroned the Virgin
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What are the features of Medieval

Painting? Painted wooden
panel
Religious
theme only
Similar faces

Lifeless
No depth
(perspective)

Medieval
Little or no Painting
variety in Cimabue’s
colour Madonna
Enthroned
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What are the features of

Renaissance Painting?
Painted on
canvas
Classical
(Roman)-style
architecture Perspective
(depth)

Realistic Variety of
Renaissance people – colours
Painting more lifelike
Raphael’s
The Renaissance- Religious theme
Marriage of style clothes here but also
the Virgin other themes
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What is Perspective?
• 3-dimensions on a 2-
dimensional surface
• Illusion of depth in the painting

Massacio’s The Trinity

(1427–28)
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Paints

Egg yolk + coloured

pigments (tempera)

Oil + coloured pigments

What were the

differences?

Coloured Pigments
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How Were Artists Trained?

Apprentices training
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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More Changes in Painting

Middle Ages – wooden panels, walls

Renaissance – wooden panels, walls and canvas

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Arts and Science 05

What are frescoes?

Paintings done on wet or damp plaster

Ancient Rome Renaissance

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Assessing Your
Learning
1. What was the Renaissance?
2. Explain each of the terms in relation to Renaissance art:
perspective; fresco; pigments
3. Which of the following are features of Renaissance
painting?
(i) 3-dimensions
(ii) Religious-theme only
(iii) Lifeless
(iv) Variety of colours
(v) Faces look similar
(vi) Depth
(vii) Classical-style buildings
(viii) Different themes, e.g. Greek and Roman
legends, nature and landscape
(ix) Canvas
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What Changes Occurred in

Sculpture? – Medieval sculpture
Lacked
feeling

Part of a
Cathedral

Religious
theme
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

What Changes Occurred in

Sculpture? – Renaissance Sculpture
Shows More lifelike
feeling

More
realistic

Religious
& non-
religious
themes The Fountain of Neptune
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

What Significant Changes Occurred

in Architecture?
Medieval Architecture
Rose
Buttresses window
and flying
buttresses

Pointed
Pointed door
Spire windows and
pointed
arches
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What Significant Changes

Occurred in Architecture?
Renaissance Architecture*

Classical Rounded
columns window

Piedmont Dome Rounded window

and rounded arches

*Classical/Roman architecture
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What Significant Changes Occurred

in Architecture?

Chartres Cathedral, France – a Florence Cathedral, Italy – a

medieval cathedral Renaissance cathedral (designed by
Brunelleschi)
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Assessing Your
Learning
Fill in the missing words from the list:
Medieval buildings were built in a … style of architecture
Renaissance architects followed the … or … style of
architecture
The dome was a feature of … architecture
The rose window was a feature of … architecture
… arch was a feature of … architecture
Renaissance sculpture was …
Medieval sculptures were usually part of a …
A fresco was a painting done on … plaster

Gothic Roman
Classical
Lifelike cathedral
damp
Rounded
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Leonardo da Vinci – The Ideal

Renaissance Man?

Identify the main works of art on the timeline done by Leonardo.

What age was Leonardo when he died?
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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The Last Supper

What are the features of Leonardo’s The Last Supper?

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

The Last Supper

Perspective
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The Virgin of the

Rocks
What features of Leonardo’s
painting do you notice here?

 Background
 Perspective
 Sfumato
 Faces
 Emotions

Louvre Museum
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Mona Lisa

• Technique – Sfumato

What features of Leonardo’s

painting do you notice here?
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Leonardo’s Notebooks

What do the notebooks tell us about

Leonardo?
See Skills Book p. 46
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Leonardo’s Notebooks
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Michelangelo – The Greatest Artist?

• 1475 – born near Florence
• Apprentice to Master Ghirlandaio in
Florence
• Studied sculpture in Medici’s
sculpture garden
• Carved Pieta in Rome
• Carved David in Florence
• Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel in
Rome
• Designed dome of St Peter’s Basilica in
Rome
• 1564 – died in Rome
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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How Good Was Michelangelo as a

Sculptor?

Pieta
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

David
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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How Good Was Michelangelo as

a Painter?

The ceiling
of the
Sistine
Chapel – a
fresco
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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How Good Was Michelangelo as

a Painter?

The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel – a fresco

What story is told in the main scenes?

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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The Creation of Adam – Do You

Recognise it?

Has this
been
copied in
modern
times?
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science
Vasari’s Lives of the Artists
Source 1
From the hour when the Lord God, by His outstanding
kindness, made me worthy not just of the presence, but
of the love, of the conversation, and of the close intimacy
of Michelangelo Buonarroti, the unique sculptor and
painter, I gave myself all possible attention and study to
assembling (putting together) not only the precepts
(principles) he taught me about the art of design, but
also his sayings, deeds, and habits. I also intended to
write about it at some future time. This was as much to
show him gratitude for my infinite obligations (duty)
towards him, as to give others the benefit of the advice
and example of this great man.
(Vasari’s introduction to his account of Michelangelo’s life)
Source 2
Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511–27 June 1574)
was an Italian painter, architect, writer, and
historian, most famous today for his Lives
of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and
Architects.
(Wikipedia)
JOB OF THE HISTORIAN What do you know about the source?
05
Source 3
In 1550 a little known Italian artist, Giorgio Vasari,
published a revolutionary book. For the first time,
Vasari set out to record artists’ oddities and faults as
well as their artistic triumphs. In more recent
decades, Vasari has been criticised for not allowing
factual accuracy to get in the way of a good story.
Nonetheless, his work has formed and defined the
way we think about Renaissance art to this day and
some credit him with being the founder of the
discipline of the history of art.
(BBC Radio, In Our Time,
www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sg2y4)
Source 4
Considered the first art historian and often referred
to as the ‘father of art history’, Vasari’s contribution
was to create a critical, i.e., evaluative (appraisal,
assessment) history of artistic style, although he
was far from unbiased.
(Dictionary of Art Historians, https://
dictionaryofarthistorians.org/vasarig.htm)
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Vasari’s Lives of the Artists

Source 5
An edited extract from Vasari’s Lives of the Artists on the painting of the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel
When the Pope was returned to Rome, Bramante (a friend of Raphael, and
therefore little a friend to Michelangelo) persuaded him that on Michelangelo’s
return he should set him to paint the ceiling of the chapel in the palace. For
Bramante and Michelangelo’s other rivals thought to draw him away from
sculpture, in which they saw he was perfect, and make him produce less worthy
works, knowing he had no experience in painting in fresco. … Michelangelo
prepared to do the whole work himself. The work was done in great discomfort
from constantly looking up … The work has been, indeed, a light of our art,
illuminating (lighting up) the world which had been so many centuries in
darkness. When it was uncovered every one from every part ran to see it, and
gazed in silent astonishment; and the Pope, inspired by it and encouraged to
greater undertakings, rewarded him liberally with money and rich gifts.

JOB OF THE HISTORIAN What can you learn from the source?
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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The Last Judgement

A fresco

What features of
Michelangelo’s painting
do you notice here?
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

How Good Was Michelangelo as an Architect?

The Campidoglio, Rome

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

How Good Was Michelangelo as an Architect?

St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome

See Skills Book p. 47

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Sofonisba Anguissola – A
Renaissance Artist

Self-Portrait at the The Chess Game, 1555

Easel, 1556 See Skills Book p. 49
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Sofonisba Anguissola – A
Renaissance Artist
Source 6
Source 5 Sofonisba Anguissola is a
Sofonisba painted with something of remarkable figure from both
that tepid rose-tinted sentimentality an artistic and historical
proper to the woman-painter, then perspective (viewpoint). Not
as now. only was she the first woman
(Claude Philips, art critic, 1913) painter ever to achieve
international renown (fame),
but she was also the first
female painter of
achievement who was not the
Compare these sources. daughter of an artist.
(Sharlee Mullins Glenn, 1990)
Which of these sources do sources 3 and
4 support?
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Assessing Your
Learning
Which artists painted or sculptured the following works of art?
1. The Virgin of the Rocks
2. The Chess Game
3. The Last Judgement
4. Pieta
5. Mona Lisa
6. Self-portrait at the Easel
7. Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
8. David
9. The Last Supper
10. The Creation of Adam
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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How Significant Were Developments

in Renaissance Science?
Astronomy

Copernicus

Kepler
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What Significant Contributions did

Galileo Make to Renaissance Science?
• Galileo said that scientists must base
their results on experiments and
evidence. ‘Measure what is
measurable, and make measurable
what is not so.’
• Einstein, one of the greatest 20th
century scientists, said of Galileo,
‘Because Galileo saw that ideas need to
be tested, and particularly because he
drummed it into the scientific world, he
is the father of modern physics – indeed
of modern science altogether.’
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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What Significant Contributions Did

Galileo Make to Renaissance Science?

The telescope
The pendulum clock
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Assessing Your
Learning
1. What did people in the Middle Ages believe about the movements
of the earth and the sun?

2. What were Copernicus’ ideas about the earth and the sun?

3. How did Kepler’s ideas differ from Copernicus’ ideas?

4. Why was Galileo called the father of modern physics?

5. Explain Galileo’s discoveries about (i) the law of falling bodies (ii) the
pendulum clock.

6. List two discoveries Galileo made using a telescope.

7. What happened to Galileo when he supported Copernicus’ ideas?

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Health and Medicine in the

Renaissance
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Why Was the Work of Vesalius

Significant?

See Skills Book p. 50

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Why Was the Work of William

Harvey Significant?
Source 5
It has been shown by reason and experiment that blood by the beat
of the ventricles (heart chambers) flows through the lungs and heart
and is pumped to the whole body. There it passes through pores in
the flesh into the veins through which it returns from the periphery
(edge) everywhere to the centre … It must be concluded that the
blood in the animal body moves around in a circle continuously and
that the action or function of the heart is to accomplish this by
pumping. This is the only reason for the motion and beat of the
heart.
(William Harvey, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals)
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Technology and
Historical Change – The
Invention of the Printing Press

1. Printed pages 6. Delivering paper

drying 7. Printer working
2. The owner and the printing press
master of the 8. Inking the letters
printing press (or type)
3. Reading 9. Setting up the
manuscript type
4. An apprentice
learning the trade
5. Boxes of letters
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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The Invention of the Printing Press

Printing in Europe by 1500

Printers in 10 million 40,000
236 towns in copies printed different titles
Europe
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

The Invention of the Printing Press

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Technology and Historical Change –

The Invention of the Printing Press

See Skills Book p. 51

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
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Renaissance Literature –
William Shakespeare
• Born in Stratford-on-Avon in England
• Actor and writer for the King’s Men theatre
company
• Huge influence on English language and
theatre – used the vernacular

Some of Shakespeare’s Plays

Tragedies Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King Lear
Comedies The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Histories Henry V, Richard II, Julius Caesar
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The Globe Theatre

See Skills Book p. 52
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Source 1
No playwright before him could appeal to
the masses quite like Shakespeare. Theatre
up until his time had been uniquely reserved
for the wealthy and the educated. With the
emergence of Shakespeare’s writing came
tales that appealed to the masses.
(William Shakespeare’s Impact on Theatre,
https://www.octaneseating.com/ the-
impactof-william-shakespeare-on-theatre)
Source 2
If you’ve ever been ‘in a pickle’, waited
‘with bated breath’, or gone on ‘a wild
goose chase’, you’ve been quoting from
The Tempest, The Merchant of Venice and
Romeo and Juliet respectively.
(How Shakespeare influences the way we
speak,
www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140527-
say-whatshakespeares-words)

Source 3
Shakespeare’s writings greatly influenced the
entire English language. Prior to and during
Shakespeare’s time, the grammar and rules of
How significant English were not standardised (regular). But
was Shakespeare’s once Shakespeare’s plays became popular in
contribution to the the late seventeenth and eighteenth century,
arts? they helped contribute to the standardisation
of the English language. See Skills Book p. 52
(Shakespeare’s influence, www.wikipedia.org)
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

How Was the Renaissance

Historically Significant? See Skills Book p. 53

Painting and sculpture Architecture

The Reformation Age of Exploration New Learning

Science Medicine

Technology & historical

Tourism Education
change
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

**Note your choices**

HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

See Skills Book p. 55

 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Create your own mind maps on

the Causes of the Renaissance
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Create your own mind maps

for each of the above features
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Create your own mind maps

for each of the above features
HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Create your own mind maps for each

of the above features
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Create your own mind maps

for each of the above features
 HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE HISTORICALLY SIGNIFICANT? – Changes in the
Arts and Science 05

Create your own mind maps

for each of the above features