Observation

DRUMMOND & JONES (2010)

Definition
Monitoring
Particular Record what
of others
context is observed
/oneself

Rather that
Actually does simply
inference
Behavioral observation:
Functional

Emotional Social
Motor skills
responses interaction

Communication
Job performance
skills
Observation:
 Immediate behavior : before-after
 One shot affair / several sampling of a longer time span
 Many strategy
Strategy 1
Formal
• Degree of structure process:
who, what,when, where, how
• Standardzed instrument
• Trained observer
informal
• Less structure
• Occur whenever counselor
make notes of client behavior
• More elaborated
• rich data for understanding
client behavior
Strategy 2

Direct Indirect
• Observed directly • Rely on reported
• Firsthand of actual observation
behavior
Strategy 3
Natural
Contrived setting
setting
• Naturally occurring setting • Analog assessment
• Ex: Work place, school, • Individual performing in
home, particular task/simulation
• Ex: laboratory, center of
assessment,
Strategy 4
unobstrusive
• No interaction between
obsever and those being
observed
• Individual behavior not
affected with observation it
self
• Ex: one way mirror, video
participant
• Both watching & interacting
with the clients
• Commonly use in qualitative
approach
• More detailed & accurate
information
 Methods of recording
 Many methods, depends on the use of formal & informal record
Informal (anecdotal record, raw note)
Formal (event recording, duration recording, time sampling, rating
scale)
Anecdotal record/raw notes
 descriptive narrative of an individual behavior
 record immediately
 noted: name, observer, date, time, setting,
 description & reflection/interpretation observer
 more observer?? recording system??
Anecdotal record/raw notes

focus on objective
brief but use phrase
specific single describe (use
complete than sentences
incident example)

list behavior positive &

direct
in the negatve
quotations
sequence statement
 event recording
date

name

observed

Description of behavior Leaving seat during math class

Days Frekuensi Total

Monday IIIII III 8

Tuesday IIIII II 7

etc
Duration of behavior
date
name
observed
Description of behavior Crying
Date Time episode started Time episode ended Duration of episode
20/3 10.15 11.05 50 minutes
20/3 12.00 12.15 15 minutes
21/3 09.10 09.35 25 minutes
Etc
Time sampling (interval lengt
depend on frequency)
Problem 30 mnt 30 etc
behavior mnt
inattention
agression
Inappropriate
verbal
Inappropriate
movement
Etc
Rating Scale

Likert scale Graphic scale

(agree-disagree) (never – always)

Semantic differential
scale (anxious -----
calm)
Source
 Self Report
 Collateral Sources