IP Addressing and Subnetting

Objectives
• Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
– Know about IP address classification and calculation
– Be familiar with Subnet and Mask
Contents
• IP Address Classification
• Subnet and IP Address Calculation
• VLSM
IPv4 Address Function

10.13.0.1 192.168.1.1
HDR SADADATA

172.17.0.1 172.17.0.2

• Uniquely and logically identifies end stations

• Packet forwarding is based on IP address
IP Address
32 bits

Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Binary 11111111111111111111111111111111

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16

16

Decimal 172 16 122 204

Binary 10101100000100000111101011001100
 Classification
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

• Class A: Network Host Host Host

• Class B: Network Network Host Host

• Class C: Network Network Network Host

• Class D: Multicast Address

• Class E: Reserved for Research

 Valid Network Numbers
Bits:
1 89 16 17 2425 32
Class A: 0NNNNNNN Host Host Host
Range (1-126)

Class B: 10NNNNNN Network Host Host

Range (128-191)

Class C: 110NNNNN Network Network Host

Range (192-223)

Class D: 1110MMMMMulticast GroupMulticast GroupMulticast Group

Range (224-239)
Reserved IP Address

Network 127.0.0.0

Network 0.0.0.0

All 0 host address

All 1 host address

Host 255.255.255.255
Default Subnet Mask

Class of Size of Size of

Network Default Mask
Address Host Part
Part

A 8 2 255.0.0.0
4
B 1 1 255.255.0.0
6 6
C 24 8 255.255.255.0
Contents
• IP address classification
• Subnet and IP address calculation
• VLSM
 Broadcast Domains
Each router interface connects a broadcast domain and broadcasts are only
propagated within its specific broadcast domain.
Problems with Large Broadcast Domains
• Slow network operations due to the significant amount of broadcast traffic.

• Slow device operations because a device must accept and process each
broadcast packet.
Problems with Large Broadcast Domains (cont.)
• Solution -reduce the size of the network to create smaller broadcast domains
in a process called subnetting.

• These smaller network spaces are called subnets.

Reasons for Subnetting
Network administrators can group devices and services into subnets that are determined by:
Location
Reasons for Subnetting (cont.)
Network administrators can group devices and services into subnets that are determined by:
Organizational unit.
Reasons for Subnetting (cont.)
Network administrators can group devices and services into subnets that are determined by:
Device type.
Conversion Between Binary and Decimal
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

11111111111111111111111111111111

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
Weight:

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16

16
172 16 122 204

172=128+32+8+4 128+64+8+4=20
4

10101100000100000111101011001100
Boolean AND

Rules Example

0 AND 0 yields 0 0 1 1 0
0 AND 1 yields 0 0 0 1 1
1 AND 0 yields 0 Boolean AND

1 AND 1 yields 1 0 0 1 0
Addressing Without Subnets

172.19.0.0

A
172.18.0.0

B
172.16.0.0 172.17.2.0

Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0

Addressing With Subnets

172.16.3.0

A
172.16.4.0

B
172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

Subnet Mask and Prefix
Network Host
IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
255 255 0 0
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s in
Network Subnet Host
the mask.
8-bit
Subnet
Mask
255 255 255 0
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s in
the mask.
 Address Formats When Subnetting
8 24-x x

Class A: Network Subnet Host

16 16-x x

Class B: Network Subnet Host

24 8-x x

Class C: Network Subnet Host

255.255. 255 . 0
172.16 . 2 . 160
Network Subnet Host
How Many Hosts And Subnets

Process:
Step 1:The class rules define the network part.
Step 2:The mask binary 0s define the host part.
Step 3:What is left over defines the size of subnet
part
Step 4:Number of subnets=2number-of-subnet-bits

Step 5:Number of hosts per subnet =2number-of-host-bits-2

Example
Network Subnet Host

172 16 0 0
N

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Subnet mask:
0000000000000000 1
255.255.255.0 0000000100000001 2

...
00000011 3
10000000

...
...
11111101 254
...
1111111011111110 255
1111111111111111 256
- 2
2N-2 = 28-2 = 254 254
Converting table
Weight: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
Finding The Subnet Number
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
255.255.255.192

AND result 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Subnet number 172 16 2 128
Finding The Subnet Broadcast Address
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
255.255.255.192

AND result 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000

host bits set to10101100

1 00010000 00000010 10111111

Broadcast 172 16 2 191

Finding The Valid Range of IP Addresses
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
255.255.255.192

AND result 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000

First available10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001

Last available10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110

First valid 172 16 2 129

Last valid 172 16 2 190

Address Calculating Summary
164 16 2 96

164.16.2.96 10100100 00010000 00000010 01100000 Host

11111111 11111111 1111111111000000 Mask

255.255.255.192

164.16.2.64 10100100 00010000 0000001001000000 Subnet

164.16.2.127 10100100 00010000 0000001001111111 Broadcast

164.16.2.65 10100100 00010000 0000001001000001 First

164.16.2.126 10100100 00010000 0000001001111110 Last

Which Subnet Masks Meet Requirement

Subnet Host number Subnet

Class
number per Subnet mask
200 200 B ?

2N-2 2M-2 N+M=16 N=M=8

IP address Classification Exercise

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.1
0
Subnet Mask Exercise

Address Subnet Class Subnet

Mask
172.16.2.10 255.255.255.
0
10.6.24.20 255.255.240.
0
10.30.36.12 255.255.255.
0
Broadcast Address Exercise

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcas

t
201.222.10.60 255.255.255.2
48
15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.2
52
153.50.6.27 255.255.255.1
28
Contents
• IP address classification
• Subnet and IP address calculation
• VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask

172.16.14.32/27 172.16.14.132/30
A
172.16.1.0/24

172.16.14.64/27
172.16.14.136/30
B
HQ
HQ

172.16.2.0/24
172.16.14.96/27
172.16.14.140/30
C
Derived from Derived from Derived from
172.16.14.0/24 172.16.14.128/27 172.16.0.0/16
VLSM Calculating
Subnetted Address: 172.16.14.0/24
In Binary 10101100. 00010000.00001110.00000000
VLSM Address: 172.16.14.0/27
In Binary 10101100. 00010000.00100000.00000000
00100000172.16.14.32/27
0100000 172.16.14.64/27
0110000
0 172.16.14.96/27
1000000
0 172.16.14.128/27
0
VLSM Subnet

VLSM Address: 172.16.14.128/27

In Binary 10101100. 00010000.00100000.10000000
00100172.16.14.132/30
01000172.16.14.136/30
01100172.16.14.140/30
10000

VLSM Subnet
Exercise 1
 200.1.1.0/24  40 hosts
 200.1.1.0/24  40 nets
 170.50.0.0/16  1000 hosts
 12.0.0.0/24  25 nets
 199.9.10.0/24  12 hosts
 199.9.10.0/24  14 nets
Exercise 2

 Find the Subnet ID

 172.16.77.8/20
 10.10.0.10/13
 Are the following address valid to their relevant subnet?
 10.15.255.255/13
 172.16.128.255/20
Exercise 3: VLSM

A
B

C
Given: 192.168.1.0/24
Net A:10 hosts Net B: 30 hosts D
Net C: 6 hosts Net D: 4 hosts
 Remember the point to point connection between Routers
Use the above Network segment and do the VLSM.
Assign the IP address according to your plan.
Summary
• IP address classification
• Subnetting and calculation
• VLSM
Thank you.