Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STATISTICS IN DIMENSIONAL
MEASUREMENT- part 3
Topic Contents :
2. Control Chart
2.1 X bar R Chart
Dynamic error
• Characterised by frequency and phase response of the
system for periodic variations in the measured input.
Loading error
• It is the difference between the value measured before
and after the measurement system is measured.
Static error
• It is cause by physical nature of various components of
the measuring system.
4.2 Sources of Measurement Errors
Characteristic error
• It is the deviation of measurement under constant
environmental conditions from the theoretical predicted
performance.
Elastic deformation
• It is divided into two ;
a)Error cause from reflection when end gage is used for
setting or measure.
b)Error cause from deflection due to self weight of the object.
Parallax
• Any instrument that using pointer and scale may have
parallax error because the gap between pointer and scale is
different at any reading angle.
4.2 Sources of Measurement Errors
Contact pressure
• While measuring, the pressure at contact causes some
penetration causing error in measurement.
Backlash
• Due to backlash in gears and screw threads, some
motion is lost to overcome backlash
Hysteretic
• It is a source of errors in electrical instruments.
Ascending values are observed when decrease current
or voltage.
Avoidable error
• The errors occurred due to non-alignment of workpiece
centre, improper of measuring instruments, etc.
4.2 Sources of Measurement Errors
Human Error
• Difficult to detect. It can be include a tendency to read
high or low using a wrong instrument. Human training is
the best way to prevent these error.
Chaotic Error
• Extreme disturbances that ruin or hide the measurement
results. This error include vibration, shock, extreme noise
and etc.
4.3 Types of Uncertainty
• Sampling issues
When and where you take measurements
• The environment
Temperature, air pressure, humidity etc can affect the
measurement.
4.3 Types of Uncertainty
4.3 Types of Uncertainty
Why does Uncertainty matter?
Calculating and expressing uncertainty is important to
anybody wishing to make good ‘quality’ measurements.
Other cases:
• calibration - the uncertainty of measurement must be
quoted.
• test - uncertainty of measurement is needed to determine
pass or fail.
• tolerance - you need to know the uncertainty before a
decision on whether the tolerance is met can be made.
4.4 Calculating Uncertainty
Type A evaluation
method of evaluation of uncertainty by the
statistical analysis of series of
observations.
Type B evaluation
method of evaluation of uncertainty by
means other than the statistical
analysis of series of observations.
4.4 Calculating Uncertainty
Steps to Evaluating Uncertainty
1. Decide what you need from your measurements. Requirements.
2. Carry out the measurements.
3. Estimate the uncertainty of each input quantity that leads to the
final result. Express all uncertainties in similar terms.
4. Calculate the result of your measurement (including known
corrections for things such as calibration, temperature etc.
5. Determine the combined uncertainty from all the individual
aspects.
6. Express the uncertainty in terms of the coverage factor, together
with a size of the uncertainty interval, and state the level of
confidence.
7. Write down the measurement result and the uncertainty, and
state how you arrived at these values.
4.4 Calculating Uncertainty
Type A Evaluation
• Obtain a series of repeated measurements and
determine the variance of the measurement
result, from which the estimated standard
uncertainty, UA, can be calculated:
STEP 1 :
4.4 Calculating Uncertainty
STEP 2 :
4.4 Calculating Uncertainty
STEP 3 :
4.4 Calculating Uncertainty
STEP 4 :