Advanced soil mechanics

Constitutive law of soil

Microstructure of soil

Strength of soil

Consolidation and rheology

Slope stability

Constitutive Law of Soil
Yin Zong-ze

1.About Stress-strain Relationship
(1) What is constitutive law?
Stress-strain relationship
Stress-strain-strength relationship
Stress-strain-time relationship
Stress-strain-temperature relationship
strain
stress
strength
( )
( )
f

( ) t
( ) T

(2) Conventional computation of stress-strain
relationship of soils

Simple stress condition

Settlement of buildingone dimensional problem
Confined compression test, (oedometer test)
p
s
h
e
p
a
Coefficient of
compression

0 0
1 1 e
p a
e
e
p a e
v
+

+




linear
nonlinear
( )
( ) p
e
C
p C e
c
c
lg
1
lg
0

+

e
p lg
c
c
e
p
a
Compression
index

Complicated stress state

Earth dam, underground structure,
harbor, excavation, etc.
Extensive Hookes law
linear assumption

'

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

'

3
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1

E E E
E E E
E E E
a

a r
a
E

expand
compress

(3) Stress-strain tests

Conventional triaxial test

3

First cell pressure 3

Then deviator stress

3 1

Strain components
a

piston
organic glass
base
cylindrical
cell
rubber
membrane
cap
through water to apply
through piston to apply

Plane strain test

1

Sample is enclosed in a rubber

membrane, and is put in the
cylindrical cell.
Cell pressure
3

Axial stress
1

Dike, dam, retaining wall,

no deformation in longitudinal direction

3

True triaxial test

Apply
Measure
1

Hollowed torsional shear test

M
z

Take half of ring as isolate body

( )
( )
1 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2 1 2
cos
2
cos
2
d d
d d
d d d d
d
d
d
d
d d
r r
r r
r r

---- from M

z
z r z
, , ,
1 r

2 r

d
1
d
2

2. Deformation Characteristics of
Soils
(1) Non-linear and non-elastic

metal soil

Plastic strain irrecoverable strain,

due to adjustment of position of grains.
One particle may slip over another
particle,
may drop into pore space,
and the relative position between the
two particles can not be recovered.
Deformation can not be
recovered

(2) Plastic volumetric strain
metal no plastic volumetric strain
soil obvious plastic volumetric strain

induced by p
p
v

p
v

p
v

loading
v

p
unloading
e
v

p
v

p
p
Macroscopic compress
Microscopic slip between grains

induced by Shear stress

Perform triaxial test with p = constant
increase, but decrease
p
v

3 1

3

3 1

a

p = constant
v

3 1

a

p = constant
Shear compression Shear dilation
( )
3 2 1 3
1
+ + p
p average normal stress, or global stress

Shear dilation
Dilation dense sand, overconsolidated clay
Compression loose sand, normal consolidated clay
5 . 0
0 2
2
1
>
< +
>
a
r
r a v
a r

Shear dilative
5 . 0 <
a
r

Shear compressive

(3) Plastic shear strain

Expression of shear strain

Shear stress and strain on a given plane
and
Complicate stress state
Octahedral shear stress
Octahedral normal stress
Octahedral shear strain

( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
3
1
+ +
oct
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
3
2
+ +
oct
1
2
3
oct

oct

( ) p
oct
+ +
3 2 1
3
1


Extensive shear stress
Extensive shear strain
If , then
energy of shape deformation
( ) ( ) ( )
oct
q
2
3
2
1
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
oct s

2
1
3
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
+ +
3 2

3 1
q
G
q
G
s
oct
oct
3

s
s
q W

Shear strain induced by global stress p

Triaxial test
Simultaneously reduce , and keep constant
q = constant, p decreases.
Mohr circle goes left. When the Mohr circle tangent to the
failure line, the deviator strain is very large.
The deviator strain is induced by p change.
is due to existence of initial shear stress.
3

3 1

3
( )
3 1

a

Effect of intersection in stress-strain matrix

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

xy
y
x
xy
t
x
C C C
C C C
C C C

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
13
C
23
C
reflect shear dilation
31
C
32
C
reflect average normal stress inducing
shear strain
Elastic model = 0 = 0
13
C
23
C
31
C
32
C
Plastic model can reflect these effects

(4) Softening and hardening

(
)
3
1

(
)
3
1

Softening
hardening
direct shear test
triaxial shear test
residue
strength
residue
strength

(5) influence of stress path & stress history
Stress space the space consists of stress component
axes

M
Principal stress space p q plane
A point in stress space represents a stress state at a point in
soil body
p
q
Failure line
q
f
p

Stress path the locus of moving point in stress space.

Point represents stress state.
Stress path represents the variation of stress state, that is the
loading manner
3

N
M
3

A stress path consists of several sections. Each section represents

a loading increment.the direction of the section reflects the
proportion of stress components

Stress path influences the strain state significantly
q
p
q
f
A
C
( )
3 1

a

B
B
C
C C
Un-drained
drained
drained

Stress history
the stress state in history or the stress path in history
Plastic strain is irrecoverable. The historical strain was stored
and accumulated.
( )
3 1

a

A
a

B
a

Stress history influence strain.

The same stress state ,
different strain
different modulus

A
a

B
a


(6) Influence of mean normal stress

Expression of variation of mean normal stress

Lode parameter
3

( ) ( )
( )
3 1
3 1 2
3 1
2 1 3 2
2

Lode angle
3

plane

X
Y
3

tg
1
3
2
Octahedral plane
In stress space
In geometry space
In space

Parameter b
2
1
3 1
3 2
+

b
State b
1 1
0 0 0.5
-1 - 0
1 2

( )
3 1 2
2
1
+
3 2

Influence of mean normal stress

strength
3 1

v

b Triaxial test, axial symmetric, b = 0,

2
=
3

a Plane strain test, no strain in
2
direction, b= 0.3 ~ 0.4 ,
2
>
3

a
b
b
a
For the same
1

and the same
3


shape of stress-strain curve
b=0
3 1

a

b=1.0
3 1

a

b=0.5
3 1

a

(7) Influence of consolidation stress
(surrounding stress, confining pressure)

Strength

( )
a
p / lg
3

,
_

a
p
3
0
lg


Large grain is broken into
small grains

100 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.001
d mm

p %

Before test
After test
Gradation curve

Shear dilation
In low confining pressure,
shear dilation
In high confining pressure,
shear compression

Softening & hardening

In low confining pressure,
softening
In high confining pressure,
hardening
3 1

v

low confining pressure

high confining pressure

(8) Anisotropy
virgin anisotropy
anisotropy induced by stress
transverse
vertical
sedimentation
3

Remolding soil isotropic

Remolding soil applied isotropic
stresses isotropic
Remolding soil applied anisotropic
stresses anisotropic
undisturbed soil

y

A B


B
y

B
x

A
x

A
y

A
B
f

B
y
A
x
B
x
A
y


>
>

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

xy
y
x
xy
t
x
C C C
C C C
C C C

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
32 12 22
31 21 11
13 12 11
, 0 , 1
0 0 1
, 0 , 1
C C C then
If
C C C
C C C then
If
xy x y
xy x y
xy y x
x
xy y x



+ +

12
C

21
C
11
C

22
C
[ ] C unsymmetric
[ ] [ ]
1
C D [ ] D
unsymmetric

True triaxial test
1 3 1 2
, <<
3

1

3
dilative
2
compressive
3

3

31 13

0
1
2
21
<

0
1
3
31
>

31 21



3
=100kPa,
2
=150kPa

3
=100kPa,
2
=200kPa

3
=200kPa,
2
=300kPa

3
=100kPa,
2
=250kPa

3
=100kPa,
2
=300kPa
0 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0
- 0 . 4
0 . 0
0 . 4
0 . 8
1 . 2
0 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0
- 5 . 0
- 4 . 0
- 3 . 0
- 2 . 0
- 1 . 0
0 . 0

2
(%)

1
(%)

3
(%)

1
(%)
increase
2 1

1


( )

1

kPa
-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00
40.00
80.00
120.00
160.00

1

2

3
( )

2
kPa
200.00
-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00
0.
50.
100.00
150.00

1

2

3
2
1

3
2

3
kPa
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.00
40.00
80.00
120.00
( )

1

2

3
4
3

3. Nonlinear elastic model
Extensive Hookes low
E E
3 2 1
1

+

E E
1 3 2
2

+

E E
2 1 3
3

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

3
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1

E E E
E E E
E E E
{ } [ ]{ } C
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

E E E
E E E
E E E
1
1
1
C



1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1



E

Softness matrix

{ } [ ]{ }
[ ]
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1 2
2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
1 2
2 1
0 0 0 0
0 0
1 2
2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 1
0 0 0
1
1
1
0 0 0
1 1
1
2 1 1
1 E
D
D
Hardness matrix

[ ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
+
+

G
G
G
G B G B G B
G B G B G B
G B G B G B
D
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
4
3
3
2
3
2
0 0 0
3
2
4
3
3
2
0 0 0
3
2
3
2
4
3
( ) +

1 2
E
G
( ) 2 1 3

E
B
shear modulus
bulk modulus, volumetric modulus

[ ] D
{ }
{ }
Nonlinear elastic model
[ ] { } ( )
{ } ( )
{ } ( )

f
f E
f D

(1) Determination of parameters of Hookes law

Unconfined compression test

s
E
a

t
E
0
3 2
3 2 1
1

+

E E
a
t
a
s
d
d
d
d
E
E

1
1
1
1
tangent modulus
secant modulus

s

r

a

a
r
t
a
r
s
d
d
E E
E E

+

1
3
1
1 1
3
3 2
1 2 3
3
0

Triaxial test
3 1

a

t
E
t

r

a

0
3 2
3 2 1
1

+

d d
E
d d
E
d
d
t
t
t
( )
a
t
d
d
d
d
E

3 1
1
1


a
r
t
t
t
t
d
d
d d
E
d d
E
d
d

+

0
3 2
1 2 3
3
1

Control stress path triaxial test

( )
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
E
d
E
d
d
E
d d
E
d
d
E
d
E
d
d
d d
E
d d
E
d
d
1 3
3
3 1 3
3
3 1
1
3 2
3 2 1
1
1
2
0

+



+

1

Solve simultaneous equations to get

t t
E

Plane strain test

3 1

a

2
1
t
t
E

t
t

1
r

a

( ) ( )
( )
E t t
r a
r
t
t
t
a
r
E
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
k E
k
k
k k
E
d
d
E
d
d
d d d d d
E
d d
E
d
d

+

1
1
1 1
1
0 0 0
1
3 1 1
1
1 2 2 2 3
3 2 1
1
1
d
3
d
2
d

Determination of K & G
p
v

t
B
s
B
3
q
s

t
G
s
G
v
s s
p
K B

v
t t
d
dp
K B

s OCT
OCT
s
q
G

3

s
t
d
dq
G
3

2 Hyperbolic model

Tangent Youngs modulus

3 1

a

2
3

1
3

a

2 1

2
3

1
3

a
b
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
u
a
i a
a
t
a
a
a
t
a
a
a
a
b
E
a
b
a
E
b
a
b
a
b a
a
E
b a
b a
3 1 2 1
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
3 1
2 1
1 1
1
0
1
1
1
1

,
_

,
_

+


3 1

a

( )
u
3 1

( )
f
3 1

( )
u
3 1

the ultimate deviator stress
asymptote of the curve
( )
f
3 1

deviator stress at failure
( )

sin 1
sin 2 cos 2
3
3 1

+

c
f

( )
( )
u
f
f
R
3 1
3 1

Let
Then
( )
f
f
R
b
3 1

a
i
p
E
log
a
p
3
log

K log
n
( ) ( )
n
a
a
f
t
n
a
a i
p
Kp
c
R
E
p
Kp E

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

3
2
3
3 1
3
sin 2 cos 2
sin 1
1

( )
( )
i f t
f
E S R E S

1
3 1
3 1


a a
i
p
n K
p
E
3
log log log

+
a
p atmospheric pressure
S stress level, reflecting mobilized extent of strength

Tangent Poissons ratio

( )
a
a
r
r
a
r
a v
r r a v
D
f
D f

+
1
2
, 2
r

a

D
1
r

a

D
1
f
i

i

1
r

a
r

D
f

( )
a
r
t

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
i
r a
r
r a
f i
t
f i
a
a a
r
t
a
a
r
f
D
s R E
D
A
A
f
s R E b
a
D
f
D
f

,
_

,
_

0
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
3 1
2
3 1
3 1
3 1
2
Asymptotic value of
a

1
r

a

D
1
f
i


( )
( )
( )
( )
f
i tf i t
a
t
a
i
Denel
let if
let if
A
p
F G
p
F G
3 1
3 1
2
3
3
01 . 0 , 0
49 . 0 , 5 . 0
1
log
log

,
_

,
_

Interpolate between and linearly with stress level S
i

tf

G
F
i

,
_

a
p
3
log

Bulk modulus K
B
v

3 1

a

= constant 3

3
3 1

( )
v v
t
p
B

3 1
3
1
t
B
( )
3 2 1 3
1
+ + p
hyperbola
( )
a v a

3 1


m
a
a b t
p
p K B

,
_

) log(
3
a
p

) log(
a
t
p
B
m
b
K log
E B
E
17
3
49 . 0 0


( ) 2 1 3

E
B

Unloading & reloading modulus

ur
E
3 1

a

loading
reloading
unloading
ur
E
t
E
) log(
3
a
p

) log(
a
ur
p
E
n
ur
K log
( ) K K
p
p K E
p
n K
p
E
E E
ur
n
a
a ur ur
a
ur
a
ur
t ur
0 . 3 2 . 1
log log log
3
3

,
_

,
_

,
_

>

3 1

a

1
3

2
3

Criterion of unloading
In test sample, decrease of
In real soil mass, complicate
3 1

3 1

3

( )
f
3 1

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
history in S S
history in
S S
max
max
0
3 1 0 3 1
0 0 3 1 3 1

( )
0 3 1

0
S
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
75 . 0 1
/ 1
75 . 0
75 . 0
0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
4
3
4
3
3 1
3 1
1

f f
E E E E
f f f
unloading f f
loading f f
S f
t ur t
f



1
f
( )
0 1
f
E
( )
0 1
75 . 0 f
ur
E
t
E

Unloading of confining stress
30 3

3 1

3

( )
f
3 1

30

( )
( )
n
a
a
f
f
t
p
Kp
R
E

,
_

1
1
]
1

3
2
3 1
3 1
1



( )
i f t
E S R E 1
imaginary E if
E if
t
t
<

, 0
0 , 0
3
3

Unconfined compression
( )
( )
n
a
a
f
f
t
p
Kp
R
E

,
_

1
1
]
1

30
2
3 1
3 1
1



max in history
3

30

parameters
effective strength parameters , c
K initial tangent modulus when
a
p
3

a
p /
50 2000
Kur initial tangent modulus when
a
p /
a
p
3

1.2 3.0
K
n index, which reflects variation of Ei
with
3

0 1.0
Rf failure ratio 0.5 0.95
a
p
3

3 1

a

less
K
2
3

3 1

a

2
3

3 1

a

1
3

1
3

n smaller
3 1

a

Rf
n greater

F parameter which reflects variation of with
G initial tangent Poissons ratio when
a
p
3

D inverse of asymptote of of hyperbolic curve

a

r

a

0.2 0.6
0.0 0.25
0.0 20.0
a

r

D
1
f
i

a

r

D
1
f
i

D
1
a

r

i

r

D
1
f
i

a
p
3

G
D
F
2
3

1
3

1
3

2
3

Discussion
Suitability
Constant confined stress
0
3 2
3 2 1
1

+

d d
E
d d
E
d
d
t
t
t
( )
a
t
d
d
d
d
E

3 1
1
1


v

3 1

a

= constant
3

Strain induced only by deviator stress

Strain induced only by deviator stress

Merits
being able to reflect main deformation characteristics: nonlinear,
stress history,stress path
simple, and easy to be excepted by engineers
easy to determine parameters, and engineers have experiences for parameters
Shortcomings
can not reflect shear dilation, softness, and anisotropy
has not give the parameters for confined stress reduction
3 1

( )
f 3 1

3

A
B

4. Elasto-plastic model
p e
+

recoverable strain, elastic

irrecoverable strain, plastic
{ } { } { }
p e
+
Plastic strain
failure criterion, yield criterion
hardening law
flue rule

Failure criterion
f
k

f
k <
f
k
elastic
failure
( )
f ij
k f

( )
ij
f

Failure surface locus of the

points in stress space which arrive
failure
3

1 failure criterion
failure function
variables are stress components

Trasca criterion
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1
3 1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

f f f f f f
f
k k k k k k
k


3

Hexagonal column
Saturated soil, undrained

c
c 2
2 1

c k
f

Mises criterion
f
k q
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
1
+ + q
Circular column surface
Extensive Mises criterion
3

Drucker-Prager
( )
f
k p f q ,
Geotecnical material
3

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1 2
3 2 1 1
2 1
6
1

+ +
+ +
+
J
I
k J I
f
first stress invariant
second deviator stress invariant
q J
3
1
2

p I 3
1
Circular cone surface

3

q
r
p
p
M
3

Cambridge university
Mp q
( )
r
p p M q +
p 3
q
3
2

Mohr-Coulomb criterion

c


sin
2
3 1
+
cos c



cos sin
2 2
tan
3 1 3 1
c
c
+
+

+
3

Hexagonal cone with equal edges

but unequal angles
plane
Mises
1

Mohr-Coulunb
Trasca

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

cot
sin 3
sin 6
, 1
cot
sin 3
sin 6
, 0
cot
sin ) 2 1 ( 3
sin 6
2 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
0
3 1
3 1
3 1 3 1
2
2
3 1
2
3 1
2
2 2
3 1
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
3 1 3 2
c p q b
c p q b
c p
b
q
q
b
p
q
b b q
b b q
q
b
+
+

+

+ +

+
+ +
+ +
+
1

cos sin
2 2
3 1 3 1
c +
+

0 b
1 b
0
q
1
q

Lade - Duncan criterion

3 2 1 3
3 2 1 1
3
3
1

+ +

I
I
k
I
I
f
3

2 yield criterion

k
simple stress
k <
k
elastic
plastic, yield
complicate stress
( ) k f
ij
<
( ) k f
ij

elastic
plastic, yield
theoretical material, yield = failure
geotechnical material, yield failure

c
f
+ tan
f

f
<
p
v

0
p
v

Concept of yield

3

2
k
1
k
( )
ij
f
yield function, corresponding to
yield surface in stress space
yield surface locus of the points in stress
space which reach yield
3

q
p
, k f > if k changes, k f
yield surface moves

Yield surface

Variation of yield surface

Loading and unloading

Current stress state on yield surface,
A new stress increment is applied.
0 <

ij
ij
d
f
df

ij
d
n

> 90
* unloading
0 >

ij
ij
d
f
df

< 90
* loading
ij
d
1

* neutral loading
0

ij
ij
d
f
df

90
ij
d
1

limit of elastic
plastic
elastic
2 vectors multiply

Yield surface for geo-material

( ) k f
ij

b q p J J I I I
ij
, , , , , , ,
3 2 3 2 1 3 2 1

Independent on coordinates
q
p
3

q
p
3

q
p
3

Cone type Cap type 2 yield surface

k increases hardening
k decreases softening
k constant theoretical
3 hardening law
After yield, k changes,

2
k
1
k

2
k
1
k

2
k
1
k
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0 ,

H f
H F f
H F k
ij
ij

H hardening parameter,
a physical variant which courses k change
For a given value of H, yield surface
is defined.
How does k change?
Which factor causes k change?

p
s
p
v
p
p
ij ij
p
qd pd W
d W

. 1
p p p p
d d d
v
3 2 1
. 2 + +

ij
p
v
p
ij
p
ij
p
ij
p
ij
p
s
p
s
d
d de
de de d

3
3
2
. 3



) ( , 0
) ( , 1
j i
j i
ij

p
ij
p
ij
p p
d d d . 4
p
s
p
v
p p
s
p
v
p
W H &
( )
p
s
p
v
f H , . 5

4 flue rule
How the plastic strain develops among the strain components?
How to determine the proportion of the strain components?
p

p
3

p
2

p
1

plastic strain increment

Direction of determines each component
of the plastic strain increment.
Flue rule gives direction of
p

Conceive a plastic potential function ( )

ij
g
( )
ij
ij p
ij
g

( )
ij
g
3

Strain space is overlapped with stress space.

Plastic strain increment is perpendicular
to plastic potential surface
p
g
p
v

q
g
p
s

Associated flue rule

( ) ( )
ij ij
f g
Druckers postulation an element exits
initial stress state, loading slowly, and
then unloading, during loading, work done
by external agency is positive. And during
loading and unloading, work done by
external agency is not negative.
ij

ij

ij

ij

p
W
p

ij

ij

ij

f
( ) 0
0
,
> +
>

p
ij ij
p
ij ij ij
p
ij ij
p
ij ij ij ij
W
unloading loading in



If on yield surface,

ij
0 >
p
ij ij

( )
p
ij ij
p
ij ij ij
>

( ) 0
p
ij ij ij

ij

ij

p
ij

90

derivation
*All the points which represent the
stress must be on the other side
of the plane perpendicular to
yield surface f must be convex.

ij

p
ij

ij

ij

p
ij

ij

ij

p
ij

if concave ( ) 0 <
p
ij ij ij

90
* is perpendicular to yield surface
f
p
ij

ij

ij

p
ij

if not,
90
f g

Non-associated flue rule

f
p
ij

f g
0 <
p
ij ij

0 <
ij

0 >
p
ij

softening
2

(5) Elasto-plastic Matrix
Elastic
{ } { } d D d
ep
] [
{ } { } { }
p e
d d d +
{ } { }
e
d D d ] [
{ } { }
P
T
P
T
d
H
F d
f

'

'

{ } { } { }) ]( [
p
d d D d
{ }

'

g
d d
P
Plastic
{ }
{ }
] [D
] [
ep
D
{ }
e
d
{ } d
{ }
p
d
{ } d
{ } { }
p
T T
p
T
d D
f H
F d
f

,
_

'

'

'

] [
{ }

d
g
D
f H
F d
f
T T
P
T

'

,
_

'

'

'

] [
{ }

'

,
_

'

'

'

g
D
f H
F
d D
g
d
T T
P
T
] [
] [
{ } { }

d
g
D
f H
F
D
f g
d
g
d
T T
P
T
p

'

,
_

'

'

'

'

'

] [
] [

{ } { }


d
g
D
f
A
D
f g
D
D d
T
T

,
_

'

'

'

'

] [
] [ ] [
] [

'

'

) ( g H
F A
T
P

'

'

'

'

g
D
f
A
D
f g
D
D D
T
T
ep
] [
] [ ] [
] [ ] [
{ } { } { }) ]( [
p
d d D d
{ } { }

d
g
D
f H
F
D
f g
d
g
d
T T
P
T
p

'

,
_

'

'

'

'

'

] [
] [
{ } { } d D d
ep
] [

(a)
P
W H
{ } { } { }
p
T
p
d dW
{ } { }
p
T
p
p
p
d
W
dW

'

{ }
T
T
p
p
W

'

{ }

'

g
F A
T
'
(b)
P
v
H
{ } ( ) ( )
p
v
F f
{ }
P
v
T
d F d
f

'

'

p
g
d d
P
v

'

p
g
F A
'
(c)
P
s
H

'

q
g
F A
'

'

'

g H
F A
T
P

'

'

g W
F A
T
P
p
{ } ( ) ( )
p
s
F f
{ }
p
s
T
d F d
f

'

q
g
d d
P
s

softness matrix:
{ } { }
P
T
P
T
d
H
F d
f

'

'

'
{ }

'

g
d d
P
{ }
A
d
f
d
T

'

{ } { } { }

d C d
A
f g
d
p
T
p
] [

'

'

A
f g
D C C C
T
p e ep

)

'

'

+ +


1
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
1
] [ ] [

ep ep
D C

'

'

g H
F A
T
P

(6) Cambridge model
1. State boundary surface
An example of Elasto-plastic model
Drained shear test
Undrained shear test
3 1

3

( )
( )
3 1
3 2 1
3
1
3
1



+ + p
( )
3 1
q
e ~ effective stress p & q are
the same for both drained and
undrained tests.
q=0
q=Mp
Virgin compression curve
failure curve
3
1

, on yield surface
NB, on state boundary surface
N
D
1
qreduce, pconstant, e
constant.
NDvertical line
N D
D 2 N B
NB
D B , only p reduces
BD, unloading curve on ground
Line NB project to q p plane, yield locus;
project to e p plane, unloading curve.
NB, intersection line of vertical column surface BDN and horizontal surface NNBB
State boundary surface is the locus of moving curve NB.
Vertical column surface BDN is called elastic wall. Only elastic deformation in the wall.
Go over the top of the wall plastic deformation.

2. Math expression of state boundary surface
NB line (yield locus) yield function
Assume yield function f(p,q).
Along yielding
locus,
0

dq
q
f
dp
p
f
df
Assumption:
Associated flow rule is adopted
f g
p
f
d d
P
v

dp
dq
d
d
p
s
p
v

Elastic deviating strain:

0
e
s

p
s

s
q
f
d d
p
s

dp
dq
q
f
p
f

p
f
q p
d
v

Plastic
work:
p
s
Mp s Mp w
s
p

p
s
p
v
p
ij ij
p
q p w +
p
s
p
v
p
s
q p Mp +
p
q
d
d
M
p
s
p
v
+

0 + M
p
q
dp
dq
c p
Mp
q
+ ln
If q=0
0
p p
0
ln p c
0
ln ln p p
Mp
q
+
dp
dq
d
d
p
s
p
v

BD line
p k e e
k
ln
0 0
ln p k e e
k

0 0
ln p e e
a

p k p k e e
a
ln ln ) (
0

k
p k e e
p
a

ln
ln
0
) ln ( p k e e
k
M
p
q
a

Equation of state boundary surface

A

3. Yield surface function
Stress path : A(p
a
,0) N(p,q),
) ln (ln
0 0 a a
p p e e e
) ln (ln
0 0 a k
e
p p k e e e
) ln )(ln (
0 a
e p
p p k e e e
a
v
e
e
+

) ln (ln
1
0 a
a
p
v
p p
e
k

a
p
v
a
p
k
e
p ln
1
ln
0
+

P
a
=1
p
v
a
k
e
p
Mp
q

+
+
1
ln

A
A

For small q/p, calculated result is different from tested one.
If q=0, yield locus is not normal to axis p.
Assume:
2 2
) ( ) (
p
s
p
v
p
M p w +
Then, modified Cam clay model
)
1
exp( ) 1 (
0
2 2
2
p
v
a
a
k
e
p p p
p M
q

+
+
yielding locus is elliptic curve yielding locus is elliptic curve
Shear compression can be reflected, Shear compression can be reflected,
but shear dilation can not but shear dilation can not
) (
r f
p p M q +

+
0 2
2
2
) 1 ( p p
p M
q
r
p p p +

0
2
2
) (
p
p p M
q
p
r

+
+
p
s
Mp s Mp w
s
p

Instead of
p
v
a
k
e
p
Mp
q

+
+
1
ln

(7) discussions
Directions of strain increment
(proportion relationship among of strain increment components)
For elastic model, the direction of strain increment depends
on {} and is not relation to state.
For plastic model, direction of {
p
}
is only depended on {}, and is not
relation to {}.
Elasto-plastic model,
{ }={
e
}+{
p
}

2. Elasto-plastic softness matrix
elastic:
plastic
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
v v
v v
v v
E
c [ ]

'

'

3
2
1
3
2
1

c
[ ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

'

'

3 3 2 3 1 3
3 2 2 2 1 2
3 1 2 1 1 1
1




f g f g f g
f g f g f g
f g f g f g
A A
f g
c
T
p
p p p p
c c c c
21 12 22 11

p p p p
c c c c
21 12 22 11

True triaxial test:
2

1
>>
3
(b=0.6~1.0),
1
is applied,

3
is

dilative ( ),
2
is compressive (+), and
1
is compressive (+).
in direction of
2
, <0

3
1 >
1
[C]
ep
do not reflect such deformation characteristics well because of the flow rule.