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Transmission Media
Networks and
Communication Click to4edit Master subtitle style
Chapter
Department
Overview
transmission medium: is the physical path between transmitter and
receiver.
transmission media can be classified as :
1- guided media- wire :
electromagnetic waves are guided along a solid medium, such as copper
twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, and optical fiber
2- unguided media – wireless:
wireless transmission occurs through the atmosphere, outer space, or water.
Overview
1.Bandwidth
higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
2.transmission impairments
eg. attenuation, limit the distance.
For guided media, twisted pair generally suffers more impairment than
coaxial cable, which in turn suffers more than optical fiber.
Design Factors
3.Interference
Interference from competing signals in overlapping frequency bands
can distort or wipe out a signal. Interference is of particular concern
for unguided media.
For guided media, interference can be caused by emanations from
nearby cables. For example, twisted pairs .
Application:
•digital
•limited distance
Application:
• Television distribution
• Long distance telephone transmission
• Short distance computer systems links
• Local area networks
Coaxial Cable
Transmission Characteristics:
-analog signals
• amplifiers every few km
• closer if higher frequency
• up to 500MHz
-digital signals
• repeater every 1km
• closer for higher data rates
Optical Fiber
physical description:
• Long-haul trunks
• Rural exchange trunks
• LANs
Optical Fiber
Benefits:
•greater capacity
•electromagnetic isolation
Transmission Characteristics:
uses total internal reflection to transmit light
can use several different light sources:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
cheaper, lasts longer
Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
more efficient, has greater data rate
Optical Fiber Transmission Modes
There are three fundamental types of fiber optic cable in use:
1. step-index multimode
Light from a source enters the cylindrical glass or plastic core. Rays at
shallow angles are reflected and propagated along the fiber. variety of
angles will reflect. With multimode transmission, multiple propagation
paths exist, each with a different path length
2. graded-index multimode
light in the core curves helically because of the graded index, reducing its
travel distance. Graded-index fibers are often used in local area
networks.
3. single-mode
there is a single transmission path with single-mode transmission. Single-
mode is typically used for long-distance applications, including
telephone and cable television
Optical Fiber Transmission Modes
Difference between Guided Media
Wireless Transmission techniques
Microwave
Frequency :2GHz to 40GHz
Used for point to point communication
Used for satellite communication
Radio wave
omnidirectional
30MHz to 1GHz
Infrared wave
Used for local point-to-point and multipoint applications
3x10^11Hz to 2x10^14 Hz
Antennas
Electrical conductor used to radiate or collect
electromagnetic energy
-transmission antenna
radio frequency energy from transmitter
converted to electromagnetic energy by antenna
radiated into surrounding environment
-reception antenna
electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna
converted to radio frequency electrical energy
fed to receiver
1- Horn antenna
2-Dish antenna
Wireless propagation methods
1-Ground propagation
•Follows contour of earth
•This effect found in freq below 2MHz
Physical description:
•The most common type of microwave .
•used for:
•requires far fewer amplifiers or repeaters than coaxial cable over the
same distance
Terrestrial Microwave
Transmission characteristic:
•is omnidirectional
TV remote control
Refraction