Week 12 - Communicable Diseases Dr. Sylivia

Hand Hygiene
Communicable Diseases
AY 2023 - 2024
© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 1
Original material supplied by Health Protection Scotland. Responsibility for the editing and use of these materials lies with the individual and not Health Protection Scotland or Healthcare A2Z.
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Hand Hygiene
Learning Outcomes
• Define communicable diseases.
• Identify the modes of transmission for communicable
diseases.
• Describe the influences of communicable diseases.
• Identify approaches to controlling communicable diseases.
• Analyze the role of community nurses in controlling/
combating communicable diseases.
• Provide examples of approaches to prevention of
communicable diseases.

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Hand Hygiene
Definition
According to World Health Organization (WHO):
“Any condition which is transmitted directly or indirectly

from an infected person to another”. e.g. measles,
hepatitis A and HIV infections.

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Modes of Transmission
Hand Hygiene
• Direct
• Blood-borne or sexual: HIV, Hepatitis B,C, STDs
• Inhalation: Tuberculosis, Influenza, Measles
• Food-borne: E.coli, Salmonella
• Contaminated water: Cholera, rotavirus, Hepatitis A
• Direct contact: Scabies and Lice
• Indirect
• Vector-borne: Such as Malaria, Onchocerciasis..

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Hand Hygiene
© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org fchs.ac.ae
Hand Hygiene
Terms to Remember
• Pathogenicity: Ability of an organism to cause disease.
• Virulence: Severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison
• Zoonoses: Infectious animal diseases that can naturally be
transmitted to humans. e.g. rabies, anthrax, Avian influenza.
(Lundy & Janes, 2016). Ebola, Salmonellosis
• Incubation Period: Time interval between initial contact with an
infectious agent and the first appearance of symptoms.
• Period of infectivity: Time during which an infectious agent
transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another
host. The host can be human or animal.

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Hand Hygiene
Terms to Remember
• Epidemic: The occurrence of more cases of disease than
expected in a given area or among a specific group of people
over a period of time.
• Endemic: The constant presence of disease or infectious agent
within a given population group, the usual prevalence of a given
disease within an area or a group.
• Pandemic: Spreads throughout the world.
• Morbidity rate: Numbers of people in a population affected by a
disease or condition .
• Mortality rate: The frequency of occurrence of death in a defined
population during a specified time due to a specific cause.

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Hand Hygiene
Immunity
Passive immunity:
• Externally produced antibodies provided to the host
• Acquired naturally (from mother to fetus)
• Or artificially (immunization with immune serum globulin).
• Short durations from days to months.
Active immunity:
• Exposure to antigen by the host,
• Long-term and sometimes lifelong;
• Acquired naturally (having the disease)
• Artificially (immunization with active antigen).
• Lasts several years as tetanus or lifetime as measles or mumps.

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Hand Hygiene
Communicable Disease Burden

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International Boundaries
Hand Hygiene
• Borders are not very effective at stopping communicable diseases.
• With increasing globalization: interdependence of countries – more

trade and human/animal interactions.
• The rise in international traffic and commerce makes challenges

even more daunting.
• Other global issues affect or are affected :

• Climate change
• Migration

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Global Issues Hand Hygiene
Global Issues
Hand Hygiene
Hand Hygiene
Tuberculosis
• A total of 1.5 million people died from TB in 2020 (including 214 000
people with HIV).
• Worldwide, TB is the 13th leading cause of death and the second
leading infectious killer after COVID-19 (above HIV/AIDS).
• In 2020, an estimated 10 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB)
worldwide. 5.6 million men, 3.3 million women and 1.1 million
children.
• TB is present in all countries and age groups.
• TB is curable and preventable.
• Eight countries account for two thirds of the total, with India leading
the count, followed by China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan,
Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Hand Hygiene
Hand Hygiene
Tuberculosis Control
1. Case detection by sputum smear microscopy.
2. Standardized treatment regimens lasting at 6-8

months directly observed for 2 months.
3. Regular, uninterrupted supply of anti-TB drugs.
4. Standardized recording and reporting system.
Hand Hygiene
Malaria
• Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that
are transmitted to people through the bites of infected
female Anopheles mosquitoes.
• It is preventable and curable.
• In 2020, there were an estimated 241 million cases of
malaria worldwide.
• The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 627 000
in 2020.
• In 2020, the African Region was home to 95% of malaria
cases and 96% of malaria deaths.
• Children under 5 years accounted for about 80% of all
malaria deaths in the Region.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria
Hand Hygiene
Hand Hygiene
Malaria Control
Malaria control
• Early diagnosis and prompt treatment to cure patients and reduce
parasite reservoir.
• Vector control:
• Indoor residual spraying
• Long lasting Insecticide treated bed nets
• Intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women
Challenges in Malaria control
• Widespread resistance to conventional anti-malaria drugs
• Malaria and HIV
• Health Systems Constraints
• Access to services
• Coverage of prevention interventions

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Hand Hygiene
HIV/AIDS
• HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed

40.1 million [33.6–48.6 million] lives so far.
• In 2021, 650 000 [510 000–860 000] people died from HIV-related
causes and 1.5 million [1.1–2.0 million] people acquired HIV.
• There is no cure for HIV infection. However, with increasing access to
effective HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care, including for
opportunistic infections, HIV infection has become a manageable
chronic health condition, enabling people living with HIV to lead long
and healthy lives.
• There were an estimated 38.4 million [33.9–43.8 million] people living
with HIV at the end of 2021, two thirds of whom (25.6 million) are in
the WHO African Region.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
Hand Hygiene
HIV/AIDS
Hand Hygiene
HIV Burden
Hand Hygiene
HIV Control
• There is no cure for HIV

infection. However, effective
antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)
can control the virus and help
prevent onward transmission
to other people.
• Between 2000 and 2018,

new HIV infections fell by
37% and HIV-related deaths
fell by 45%, with 13.6 million
lives saved due to ARVs.

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Hand Hygiene
Hepatitis
• Five viral hepatitis infections are A, B, C, D, E
• Each constitutes a serious liver disease caused by a

different hepatitis virus.
• Hepatitis B & C are sexually transmitted or spread by
sharing needles.
• Lead to chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer
and eventually death.
• Hepatitis A is spread by eating contaminated food.
• Hepatitis D and E occur less frequently.
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Hand Hygiene
Hepatitis A Hepatitis E
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Hepatitis C Hepatitis B
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Hepatitis D
https://www.id-hub.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/hepatitis-
infog_21855568_3237d9db9d99b206b3fc301decae43233c7179f0.jpeg
Influenza Virus
Hand Hygiene
• There are 4 types

of seasonal
influenza viruses,
types A, B, C and
D.
• Influenza A and B
viruses circulate
and
cause seasonal
epidemics of
disease.
Hand Hygiene
Influenza Prevention
• The most effective way to prevent the disease

is vaccination.
• Immunity from vaccination wanes over time so annual
vaccination is recommended to protect against influenza.
• Among healthy adults, influenza vaccine provides
protection, even when circulating viruses do not exactly
match the vaccine viruses.
• However, among the elderly, influenza vaccination may be
less effective in preventing illness but reduces severity of
disease and incidence of complications and deaths.
Hand Hygiene
Influenza Prevention
• Regular hand washing with proper drying of the hands

• Good respiratory hygiene – covering mouth and nose
when coughing or sneezing, using tissues and disposing
of them correctly
• Early self-isolation of those feeling unwell, feverish and
having other symptoms of influenza
• Avoiding close contact with sick people
• Avoiding touching one’s eyes, nose or mouth
Hand Hygiene
Estimated Range
of Annual Burden
of Flu in the U.S.
from 2010 – 2020
Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Hand Hygiene
• Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses.

• Phylogenic analysis indicated that the coronavirus that
causes COVID-19 is a betacoronavirus in the same
subgenus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
virus.
• Route of person-to-person transmission: Direct person-to-
person respiratory transmission is the primary means of
transmission.
• It is thought to occur mainly through close-range contact
(within approximately six feet or two meters) via respiratory
droplets.
Hand Hygiene
• Infection might also occur if a person's hands are

contaminated by droplets or by touching contaminated
surfaces and then they touch their eyes, nose, or mouth,
although contaminated surfaces are not thought to be a major
route of transmission.
• It can also be transmitted longer distances through the

airborne route (through inhalation of particles smaller than
droplets that remain in the air over time and distance).
• Potential for longer distance airborne transmission in
enclosed, poorly ventilated spaces.
Hand Hygiene
• Period of greatest infectiousness: Infected individuals are

more likely to be contagious in the earlier stages of
illness, between 2.5 days prior to symptom onset and
declined within seven days.
• The risk of transmission after contact with an individual
with COVID-19 increases with the closeness and
duration of contact and appears highest with prolonged
contact in indoor settings.
Prevention of COVID-19 Hand Hygiene
• Washing hands with soap and

water or using alcohol-based
hand rub kills viruses that may
be on your hands.
• Maintain at least 1 metre (3
feet) distance between yourself
and anyone who is coughing or
sneezing.
• Covering mouth and nose with
your bent elbow or tissue when
you cough or sneeze. Then
dispose of the used tissue
immediately.
Prevention of COVID-19 Hand Hygiene
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or

mouth without washing your
hands.
• Avoid shaking hands and just
wave.
• Avoid nose-to-nose greeting,
hugging or kissing others.
• Avoid contact with animals (live or
dead).
• Take enough rest and take a
large amount of fluids.
United Arab Emirates
Hand Hygiene
Combatting Communicable diseases
Hand Hygiene
in the UAE
• The UAE works on disease prevention and

control through several measures which include;
• Implementing laws and resolutions on combatting

communicable diseases,
• Reporting communicable diseases,
• Setting a national policy for disease prevention,
• Introducing health and vaccination programs,
• Establishing medical fitness centers for residency,
• A travelers' clinic and,
• A tuberculosis treatment clinic.
References Hand Hygiene
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). From:

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2020.htm
Clark, M. J. (2008). Community Health Nursing. Advocacy for Population Health.

(5thedition).Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Lundy & Janes (2016). Community Health Nursing: Caring for the Public’s Health
(3rd ed.). Boston: Jones & Bartlet.
Departmemt of Health: UAE - https://doh.gov.ae/en/resources/publications
WHO communicable Deseases -

https://www.who.int/about/structure/organigram/htm/en/

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Hand Hygiene

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 2

According to World Health Organization (WHO):

“Any condition which is transmitted directly or indirectly

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 3

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 4

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 6

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 7

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 8

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 9

• Borders are not very effective at stopping communicable diseases.

• With increasing globalization: interdependence of countries – more

• The rise in international traffic and commerce makes challenges

• Other global issues affect or are affected :

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 10

1. Case detection by sputum smear microscopy.

2. Standardized treatment regimens lasting at 6-8

3. Regular, uninterrupted supply of anti-TB drugs.

4. Standardized recording and reporting system.

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 18

• HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed

• There is no cure for HIV

• Between 2000 and 2018,

© 2006, original content developed by Healthcare A2Z, www.healthcareA2Z.org 22

• Five viral hepatitis infections are A, B, C, D, E

• Each constitutes a serious liver disease caused by a

• There are 4 types

• The most effective way to prevent the disease

• Regular hand washing with proper drying of the hands

• Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses.

• Infection might also occur if a person's hands are

• It can also be transmitted longer distances through the

• Period of greatest infectiousness: Infected individuals are

• Washing hands with soap and

• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or

• The UAE works on disease prevention and

• Implementing laws and resolutions on combatting

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). From:

Clark, M. J. (2008). Community Health Nursing. Advocacy for Population Health.

Departmemt of Health: UAE - https://doh.gov.ae/en/resources/publications

WHO communicable Deseases -

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