TEMPERATURE RELATIONS
1. Microclimates
Altitude
Aspect
Vegetation
Color of the Ground
Presence of Boulders and Burrows
Aquatic Temperature
2. Evolutionary Trade-Offs
 The Principles of Allocation
3. Temperature and Performance of
Organisms
 Extreme Temperatures and
Photosynthesis
 Temperature and Microbial Activity
4. Regulating Body Temperature
 Balancing Heat Gain against Heat Loss
Temperature Regulation by Plants
Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic
Animals
Temperature Regulation by Endothermic
Animals
Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic
Plants
5. Surviving Extreme Temperature
 Inactivity
 Reducing Metabolic Rate
 Hibernation by a Tropical Species
 Microclimate - is the suite of climatic conditions
measured in localized areas near the earth's surface. These
environmental variables—which include temperature,
light, wind speed, and moisture—provide meaningful
indicators for habitat selection and other ecological
activities.

A microclimate is a small area that has different

atmospheric conditions than the surrounding area.
The following are illustrative
examples:
Uplands & Lowlands- Elevation has a
significant impact on temperature and
precipitation.

Coastal Regions- Proximity to large

bodies of water.
For example, the southern and
eastern shores of the Great Lakes of
North America tend to get far more
snow than the areas surrounding
them.
Plant Microclimate- Areas of
vegetation such as forests can
impact the local climate.
For example, it is possible for a
forest to cool an area and capture
more precipitation than the area
surrounding it.
Urban Microclimate- Cities can
have a variety of microclimates
caused by structures, surfaces,
green space, industry and other
factors.
For example, a tall building can
make a street unusually windy.
Urban Heat Islands- A city that
is warmer than the surrounding
countryside due to factors such
as paved surfaces that absorb
solar energy and fail to retain
moisture.

Smog- Pockets of unusually poor

air quality due to proximity to
pollution such as a major
highway or industry.
Islands- Islands can have a variety of
climates within close proximity to each
other.
For example, Hawaii has various types
of tropical, arid, temperate and polar
climates with significant variations in
vegetation, rainfall and temperature to
be found on each island.
Microhabitats- Small areas that are
capable of supporting a particular
species of plant, animal, fungi or
microorganism.
Terrior- A terrior is a set of
conditions for farming that
may be unique to a single farm
or field. This includes factors
such as microclimate, soil,
landscape and vegetation.
Farmers may carefully select
and nurture a terrior to
produce high quality artisanal
crops such as grapes for
winemaking.
  Evolutionary Trade-Offs
In order to increase
fitness (or function) in one
trait it must come at the
expense of the decrease in
fitness/function of another
trait.
This useful notion of trade-
offs, known as the principle of
allocation, has proven to be
quite helpful in interpreting
and understanding numerous
ecological phenomena.
The Principle of Allocation-states that each individual organism has a
finite (limited) quantity of resources that it can use for all necessary life
processes, including growth, reproduction, acquiring nutrients and
resources, escaping predators or pathogens, and other processes.
Resources such as nutrients or energy that an individual invests in one
process cannot also be invested in other processes, meaning that not
all life functions can be simultaneously maximized.
As an example of allocation, imagine an animal of a given size and
mouth-part anatomy. A certain size of prey item is optimal, whereas
other prey are suboptimal because they are either too large or too
small for efficient capture and swallowing.
 Temperature and Performance of
Organisms
 Regulating Body
Temperature
Our internal body temperature is
regulated by a part of our brain called the
hypothalamus. The hypothalamus checks
our current temperature and compares it
with the normal temperature of about
37°C. If our temperature is too low, the
hypothalamus makes sure that the body
generates and maintains heat. If, on the
other hand, our current body
temperature is too high, heat is given off
or sweat is produced to cool the skin.
 A healthy body functions best at
an internal temperature of about
37°C (98.6°F). But everyone has their
own individual "normal" body
temperature, which may be slightly
higher or lower. Our bodies also
constantly adapt their temperature to
environmental conditions. It goes up
when we exercise, for instance. And it
is lower at night, and higher in the
afternoon than in the morning.
Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss
Heat balance (thermal equilibrium) is the balance
between the rate of heat production and the rate of heat loss.
Temperature Regulation by Plants
Through manipulation of the energy balance terms, for temperature regulation. For example, enhanced
evaporation can help cool leaves in hot environments, whereas maximizing absorption of sunlight can raise
the temperature in cold environments.
Temperature Regulation by
Ectothermic Animals
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS!!!