The

Ideology
Chapter VIII ~ Muhammadiyah a Reform Movement
 Group 3
(Clinical Class)
1. Aniestria Ashaina Aghnat (2320801011)
2. Ahmad Mujahiduddin (2320801013)
3. Nuning Arifah (2320801028)
4. Ririn Retnaningsih (2320801043)
01
Introduction
Introduction
Muhammadiyah as an Islamic movement has improved into an ideology, a
system of understanding in Islam. Achmad Jainury, a researcher who took
Muhammadiyah as his subject since his undergraduate to his magister
study in McGill University Canada, suggested the ideology of
Muhammadiyah as the ideology of reformist or modernist, in his
dissertation titled The Formation of The Muhammadiyah’s Idelogy 1912-
1942. The author has subjectively granted the substance and tagged
Muhammadiyah as reform ideology since from the beginning it highlighted
tajdid or reform and pioneered the movement.
Introduction
As an institution, Muhammadiyah also possesses the official formulation of
the movement ideology, Faith Pledge and Aspirations of Muhammadiyah
Life. At the time of its formulation, the authoritarian New Order regime
was conducting “de-ideologization” by imposing Pancasila as the one and
only national ideology, which later in 1985 was evidenced by the policy of
Pancasila as the sole foundation for all social organization after previously
only applied to the political organization.
Introduction
As an organized movement, Muhammadiyah also gradually thrived into an
Islamic ideology-based movement whose system is capable in building
identity and distinctive system of collective consciousness. These are
corroborated by the system formulation and endeavour strategy that bind
them towards achieving the realization of the real Islamic society. The
system, member collective consciousness, and solid organized movement
have made up an ideology of Islamic reform movement.
02
The Concept
of Ideology
The Concept of Ideologi
Ideology refers to “a complex belief system that explain social arrangements and
relationship” (Vago, 1989: 90). Ideology can also be considered as “any system of
ideas underlying and informing social and political action” (Jary, 1991: 295).
Ideology as a set of comprehensive thoughts system which aspires to explain the
world and an attempt to change it (Riberu, 1986: 4).
The Concept of Ideologi
According to Shariati, ideology is an understanding and struggle theories which
are gripped strongly by a given community led to certain social ideals in life.
Ideology has some basic elements, as follows: (1) comprehensive perspective
toward human, world, and universe in life; (2) scheme of socio-politics order
based on the perspective; (3) awareness and declaration embodied in the
struggle to reform based on understanding and plan of the ideology; (4) effort in
leading the society to hold the ideology which require the loyalty and
involvement of the adherents; and (5) effort in mobilizing the extent cadre and
mass who will voluntary support the ideology (Riberu, 1986, 5).
The Concept of Ideologi
By examining the element and function of ideology, it can be assumed that
ideology is more than a set of understanding or thought, but it contains of theory
and endeavour system to strategy to achieve the aim of a society in life. In an
Islamic “politic ideology” movement, for instance, politics serves as a system of
struggle to realize Islam as political aspiration or authority within a state, rather
than merely practical or technical option. It results on political ambiguity,
whether it is a struggle system or political ideology. Nevertheless, for several
Islamic circles, politics is positioned as worldly affairs, which actualization does
not have to be formal, but more to the values imbued within religion, and does
not require the congruency between religion and politics.
 03
The Ideology of
Muhammadiyah
The Ideology of Muhammadiyah
In Outline of Main Matters on Life Faith Ideology of compossed by
Committee of Tajdid section Muhammadiyah Life Faith Ideology of the 37th
Muhammadiyah Congress, ideology is stated as “teaching or knowledge which
systematically and comprehensively discusses ideas, methods, aspirations or
state of mind, to obtain faith in life as well as the right and proper life.”. In
addition, ideology refers to “life faith”, ranging from “1. View of life, 2.
Purpose of life, 3. Teachings and endeavours to realize view of life in
obtaining the purpose of life.” (Muhammadiyah Central Executive, 1968, 6).
The Ideology of Muhammadiyah
Muhammadiyah is no longer eluding the term of ideology, despite the
Muhammadiyah ideology is dynamic and framed in a commitment to
Indonesia as stated in the fifth point of Faith Pledge and Aspirations of
Muhammadiyah Life (Matan Keyakinan dan Cita-cita Hidup Muhammadiyah)
on the function and mission of Muhammadiyah in the Republic of Indonesia
and Pancasila ideology. Therefore, Muhammadiyah ideology contains theory
and strategy of struggle to achieve it rather than merely a set of understanding
or thought. By defining “Muhammadiyah ideology”, it refers to “a system of
faith, aspirations, and struggle of Muhammadiyah as an Islamic movement to
realize a real Islamic society”.
The Ideology of Muhammadiyah
The contents or substances of the Muhammadiyah ideology are: (1) Islamic
understanding or religion teachings in Muhammadiyah, (2) The nature of
Muhammadiyah as an Islamic movement, (3) Mission, function, and strategy
of Muhammadiyah endeavours.
The Ideology of Muhammadiyah
The Preface of Muhammadiyah Statutes consists six fundamental issues,
namely: (1) Human life should be based on monotheism, worship, and active
obedience to God; (2) Human life should prioritize social life; (3) Adhere the
teachings of Islam with the whole-hearted belief that Islam was the one and
only basis of personality and life order for the blissfulness in the world and the
hereafter; (4) Uphold and revere Islam in society is an obligation as the act of
worship and human charity; (5) Ittiba (accept and follow) upon the struggle of
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh); (6) Gladly conduct charitable efforts and struggle
based on the organizational rule.
04
The Revitalization of Ideology
The Revitalization of Ideology
The birth of this ideological thinking, however, required the benchmarks. Firstly,
as the idea systematization as a reference to build and stablish a system of
understanding in Muhammadiyah. Secondly, as a form of necessity to build a
collective awareness in this internal Islamic organizations to organize and to
achieve the aims collectively. Revitalization of ideology is required for a massive
Islamic movement such as Muhammadiyah to prevent the rotten from the inside
and the impact of external forces that could detain the movement sustainability.
In this circumstance, both the ideology and the ideology revitalization could be
considered as “self-defence mechanism” in the midst of current changes.
The Revitalization of Ideology
In the Reformation era, twenty years after the cycle change of 1968,
Muhammadiyah readdressed the issue and even revitalized the ideology. The
background of this decision somehow was encouraged by at least three factual
concerns in the organization circle. First, the 41st Muhammadiyah Congress in
1985 held in Surakarta was filled with issues over the incessant criticism of the
weakness of Muhammadiyah so since this until the 45th Muhammadiyah
Congress in 2005 held in Malang, Muhamamdiyah constantly conducted
consolidation and internal revitalization, including in the aspects of idealism or
ideology of the movement.
The Revitalization of Ideology
Second, given the fact that along with the growing organization of
Muhammadiyah, certain weaknesses were figured out, associated to the members
solemnity and commitment as well as organizational and leadership capabilities.
Muhammadiyah, according to AR Fakhrudin seemed like an “elephant puffy”
with its large body and slow motion, hence, it urged reform and restoration.
The Revitalization of Ideology
Third, the impact of reformation brought up a sum of ideology and political force
which made Muhammadiyah was relatively vulnerable for the penetration of
these new powers. Some of them were political interests on behalf of Islam and
da’wah, so that slowly but surely would lead to an issue of ideology in the
internal of Muhammadiyah. Nevertheless, the revitalization of ideology was a
compulsory for the interest of the members, cadres, and leaders.
The Revitalization of Ideology
Revitalization of Muhammadiyah ideology consisted of:
1) Enhancing efforts on Islamic teaching embeddedness, dissemination, and
accomplishment in Muhammadiyah;
2) Intensifying efforts to strengthen and restore the understanding and
appreciation of Muhammadiyah formal ideas;
3) Fixing the direction and pace of Muhammadiyah as an Islamic movement
devoted in da’wah and tajdid, and an absence involvement in practical
politics;
4) Maintaining consolidation of charity and services as part of the ideological
guidance;
The Revitalization of Ideology
5) Intensifying cadres/ regeneration throughout the levels and lines of
Persyarikatan;
6) Reviving the ethos of jihad and amal fi-sabilillah among the members,
particularly among the executive members, as a basis to build movement
passion/spirit/soul;
7) Implementing intensifying ideological development in the entire lines and
levels of Persyarikatan: DA/BA, GJDJ, Pengajian (both executives and
members), refreshing, up-grading, intensive course, mosque, and so on;
8) Disseminating and carrying on The Decree No. 149/2006 on Konsolidasi dan
Amal Usaha (Consolidation and Charity and Services) among the entire
levels of leader and institutionals of Persyarikatan
The Revitalization of Ideology
The urgency of Muhammadiyah ideology was based on several concerns as
follows: First, the ideology can appropriately provide directions and explanations
about the system of life based on the religion (Islamic) teachings which is
believed by the members and how they should behave in accordance to the
system. Second, the ideology of the Muhammadiyah can bind collective
solidarity (movement brotherhood, the loose concept of Ibn Khaldun’s
ashabiyyah), which function is to maintain the internal bind to encounter the
challenges and the threat from the outside.
The Revitalization of Ideology
Third, the ideology can shape a collective character of Muhammadiyah members
as implied in the Natures of Muhammadiyah and the Guidelines for an Islamic
Life for Muhammadiyah Members (Pedoman Hidup Islami Warga
Muhammadiyah) which contain various personality and behaviors that should be
possessed and implemented in the life of Muhammadiyah members. Fourth,
through the ideology, Muhammadiyah developed strategies and struggles as in
the Khittah which becomes a reference, thus the movement was systemized and
pointed to an integral system of Persyarikatan movement. Fifth, the ideology of
Muhammadiyah can organize and mobilize members, cadres, and leaders in the
same motion system to make efforts and to achieve the aims in a synergized and
steadily solid line up (Nasir: 2006).
The Revitalization of Ideology
Muhammadiyah had to face the challenge of external ideologies and political
interests, and at the same time, to preserve the integrity of the movement
continuity, at least as a form of self-defense mechanism of a prominent
movement Islam in order to keep the disadvantages and keep away from the
disadvantages. It will be a huge loss if Muhammadiyah as an enormous asset of
the ummah and the nation is collapsed and powerless for being too tolerant to
other ideology for the reason of they share similar “Islam”. Therefore,
Muhammadiyah has to preserve and strengthen its integrity as an organization as
well as a major Islamic movement in this beloved country.
Thank You!