Cardiovascular System Heart

Development II

Assist. Prof. Ender Deniz Asmaz

Septum Formation in the Truncus
Arteriosus and Conus Cordis
▪During the fifth week, pairs of ridges appear
in the truncus.
▪These ridges lie on the right superior wall :
right superior truncus swelling
▪and on the left inferior wall: left inferior
truncus swelling

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▪the swellings twist around each other,
▪After complete fusion,
the ridges form the
aorticopulmonary
septum,
▪dividing the truncus
into
I. an aortic and
II.a pulmonary
channel.
Septum Formation in the Ventricles
▪By the end of the fourth week,
the two primitive ventricles
begin to expand.
▪The medial walls of the
ventricles merge and forming
the muscular interventricular
septum
▪The interventricular
foramen, above the
muscular portion of
the interventricular
septum
▪Complete closure of the
interventricular foramen
forms the membranous
part of the
interventricular
septum.
Semilunar Valves
•The two semilunar valves (SL valves) are located in
the arteries allowing the blood movement from the
heart to prevent it from returning back to the
ventricles during systole.
•There are two semilunar valves:

I. the aortic semilunar valve that is defined as the

valve that protects the point of attachment between
the aorta and the left ventricle in the heart and

II. the pulmonary semilunar valve that is defined as

the valve located
between the pulmonary artery and the right
ventricle of the heart.
Semilunar Valves

▪When the truncus is almost complete, primordia of

the semilunar valves become visible as small
tubercles found on the main truncus swellings.
▪One of each pair is assigned to
I. the pulmonary and
II. aortic channels
 FORMATION OF THE
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE
HEART
▪Initially, the pacemaker for the heart lies in the
caudal part of the left cardiac tube.
▪as the sinus is incorporated into the right atrium,
pacemaker tissue lies near the opening of the
superior vena cava.
▪Thus, the sinoatrial node is formed.
▪The atrioventricular node and bundle (bundle of His)
are derived from two sources:

(1)cells in the left wall of the sinus venosus and

(2)cells from the atrioventricular canal.

VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT
▪Blood vessel development occurs by two
mechanisms:
(1)vasculogenesis : in which vessels arise by
angioblasts
(2)angiogenesis : vessels form from existing
vessels.
▪The major vessels, including the dorsal aorta
and cardinal veins, are formed by
vasculogenesis.
▪The remainder of the vascular system then
forms by angiogenesis.
▪The entire system is involving vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and
other growth factors
 Arterial System

1.Aortic Arches
▪pharyngeal arches form during the fourth
and fifth weeks of development, each arch
receives its own cranial nerve and its own
artery.
▪These arteries, the aortic arches, arise from
the aortic sac.
▪The aortic arches are embedded in
mesenchym
▪Consequently, the five arches are
numbered I, II, III, IV, and VI
▪The fifth arch either never forms
or forms incompletely and then
regresses.
 By day 27,
▪most of the first aortic arch has
disappeared,although a small portion persists to
form the maxillary artery.
▪Similarly, the second aortic arch soon
disappears. The remaining portions of this arch are
the hyoid and stapedial arteries.
▪The third aortic arch forms the
common carotid artery and
▪the first part of the internal
carotid artery.
▪and external carotid artery is a
become extension of the third
aortic arch.
▪The fourth aortic arch is different on
the right and left sides.
▪On the left, it forms the arch of the
aorta,
▪On the right, it forms the most
proximal segment of the right
subclavian artery,
▪The fifth aortic arch either never
forms or forms incompletely and then
regresses.
▪The sixth aortic arch,
▪On the right side, the proximal
part becomes the proximal
segment of the right
pulmonary artery.
▪On the left, the distal part
persists during intrauterine life
as the ductus arteriosus.
s
 2.Vitelline and Umbilical
Arterie
•The vitelline arteries, initially
a number of paired vessels
supplying the yolk sac
gradually fuse and form the
arteries in the dorsal
mesentery of the gut.
•In the adult, they are
represented by the celiac and
superior mesenteric arteries.
•The inferior mesenteric arteries are derived from
the umbilical arteries.
•These 3 vessels supply derivatives of the foregut,
midgut, and hindgut, respectively.
3.Coronary Arteries
▪Coronary arteries are derived from two
sources:
(1)angioblasts formed from sprouts off the sinus
venosus that are distributed over the heart
surface by cell migration
(2)the epicardium itself.
▪The newly formed mesenchymal cells then
contribute to endothelial and smooth muscle
cells of the coronary arteries.
Venous System
▪In the fifth week, three pairs of veins
can be distinguished.
1. Vitelline veins:The vitelline veins
are veins that drain blood from the yolk
sac and the gut tube during gestation.
2. Umblical veins: orginating in the

chorionic villi and carrying oxygenated

blood from placenta to the embryo.
3. The cardinal vein: draining the body

of the embryo.
▪The extraembryonic vitelline
and umbilical veins begin as
pairs of symmetrical
vessels that drain separately
into the sinus venosus of the
heart.
▪Over time, these vessels
become intimately
associated with the rapidly
growing liver
 1.Vitelline Veins
▪Before entering the sinus venosus, the
vitelline veins form a plexus
around the duodenum .
▪The anastomotic network around the
duodenum develops into a single
vessel the portal vein.
▪The liver cords growing in to the
septum interrupt the course of the veins
and forms hepatic sinusoids.
 2.Umbilical Veins
▪Initially, the umbilical
veins pass on each side of
the liver
▪The proximal part of both
umbilical veins and the
remainder of the right
umbilical vein then
disappear,
▪so that the left vein is the
only one to carry blood
from the placenta to the
liver.
▪a direct communication forms
between the left umbilical vein
and the right hepatocardiac
channel, the ductusvenosus
▪The ductus venosus permits the
incoming oxygenated placental
blood to bypass the capillary
networks of the liver and to
distribute it to the organs (e.g.,
brain and heart).
3.Cardinal Veins
▪Initially, the cardinal veins form the main
venous drainage system of the embryo.
▪This system consists of the anterior
cardinal veins, and the posterior cardinal
veins,
▪The anterior and posterior veins join
before entering the sinüs horn and form the
short common cardinal veins.
 Heart Defects
Abnormalities of Cardiac Looping
▪Dextrocardia is a condition where
the heart lies on the right side of
the thorax instead of the left
▪and it occurs when the heart loops
to the left instead of the right.
 Atrial septal defect (ASD)
▪Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital
heart abnormality with an incidence of
6.4/10,000 births and with a 2:1 prevalence in
female to male infants.
▪One of the most significant defects is the
ostium secundum defect, characterized by a
large opening between the left and right atria.
▪It may be caused by excessive cell death
and resorption of the septum primum (B,C)
▪or by insufficient development of the
septum secundum (D,E).
▪The most serious abnormality in
this group is complete absence of
the atrial septum (F).
▪This condition, known as common
atrium is always associated
with serious defects in the heart
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
▪involving the membranous or muscular
portion of the septum
▪occurring in 12/10,000 births.
▪Most (80%) occur in the muscular region of
the septum and resolve as the child grows.
▪Membranous VSDs usually a more serious
defect and are associated with
abnormalities in the conotruncal region.