DEMENTIA

Zainab Shakeel
Roll no 03
Batch A1
 What is Dementia?
A decline in cognitive abilities that impacts a person's ability to do everyday activities,involves
problems with
◦ Memory
◦ Thinking
◦ Behavior.
◦ Emotional problems
◦ Difficulties with language
◦ Decreased motivation
◦ Without impairment of consciousness.
 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
In situational analysis of dementia we will asses it’s prevalence in the world
and also at the regional level especially in Pakistan. The aim is to evaluate
the current situation of the disease at the global and regional level.
 Global

Age-standardised prevalence for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias per 100 000
population by location for both sexes, 2016
 PAKISTAN
Pakistan is the sixth most populated country in the world and currently
has an estimated 150,000–200,000 patients with dementia (61).
Life expectancy has increased in Pakistan in general leading to an
increase in prevalence of dementia from 2 to 6% in persons older than 65
years of age.
However, the allocation of resources and attention to dementia remains
relatively low, leading to considerable difficulties in both diagnosing and
treating affected individual. Pakistan, being a third-world country, is up
against many obstacles when providing dementia care. Dementia is
unfortunately given low priority in the healthcare system of Pakistan.
Studies have shown the public has an unsatisfactory understanding of
dementia. It is frequently perceived as a typical outcome of aging by
many individuals. Early diagnosis is further hindered by a general lack of
knowledge about accessible public healthcare options available to them .
Moreover, it is culturally stigmatized for families to use residential care,
as the care of old people is culturally and religiously viewed as the
complete responsibility of their families.
Presently, 1,086 clinical trials on Alzheimer’s disease are in the works
worldwide, yet none of these are being conducted in Pakistan.
 SUMMARY
◦ The estimated prevalence of all-cause dementia among individuals aged 50 and over in the community was
697 per 10,000 persons, based on the meta-analysis of forty-seven studies conducted between January 1985
and August 2019.Furthermore, between 1990 and 2019, there was a significant rise in the incidence and
prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, with the incidence increasing by ~147.95% and the
prevalence by around 160.84% .This substantial increase highlights the growing impact of these cognitive
disorders on global health during that period.
◦ Dementia is a syndrome that can be caused by a number of diseases which over time destroy nerve cells and
damage the brain, typically leading to deterioration in cognitive function (i.e. the ability to process thought)
beyond what might be expected from the usual consequences of biological ageing. While consciousness is not
affected, the impairment in cognitive function is commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded, by
changes in mood, emotional control, behaviour, or motivation .Dementia has physical, psychological, social
and economic impacts, not only for people living with dementia, but also for their carrers, families and
society at large. There is often a lack of awareness and understanding of dementia, resulting in stigmatization
and barriers to diagnosis and care.
◦ It is an organic brain disease affecting the elderly population worldwide especially in China , Pakistan and
South Asia.
DISEASE CAUSATION
MODEL
 STRATEGIC APPROACH
As it is a
6Cs approach:
multifactorial
disease , we will  Care
apply “WHEEL OF
CAUSATION  Compassion
MODEL” .So we  Competence
have to formulate a
strategy to prevent  Communication
some risk factors and
 Courage
adopt lifestyle
modifications along  Commitment
with behavioral
◦
changes and change
in social interactions.
 INTERVENTIONS
PRIMARY INTERVENTIONS
• Avoiding risk factors
• Prevent and manage high blood pressure.
• Manage blood sugar.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Be physically active
• Quit smoking
• Avoid excessive drinking..
• Prevent and correct hearing loss.
• Get enough sleep.
SECONDARY INTERVENTIONS
• Detecting preclinical and prodromal dementia states.
• Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease
• Digital technologies for remote monitoring of cognitive
and behavioral change.
This review sets the scene for this approach to secondary
care of dementia through a review of the evidence for
cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypertension and
chronic kidney disease) as major risk factors for AD.
We then summarize the developments in blood-based and
cognitive,biomarkers that allow the detection of
pathological states at the earliest possible stage.
 FEASIBILITY MATRIX
Identified Intervention Technical Resources Cost Equity Gender Sustainability
Feasibility Effectiveness Impact

1. Case findings Treatment H M L L L L

2. Training and education H M M M L H

3. Avoidance of risk factors H M M M L M

for the disease
4. Health education and H H H H L M
awareness about disease

5. Dietary modifications H M H M N H

6. Improve lifestyle and H H H L N H

environment for
dementia patients
7. Raise standards of care M H M N N M
for dementia patients
 PROPOSED INTERVENTION
 Brain Health: Chronic conditions affecting brain health, like hypertension, diabetes, and high
cholesterol, can increase the risk of dementia. Proper management of these disease is necessary to
prevent dementia
 Physical Activity: Daily physical activity can reduce the risk of developing dementia
 Diet:Diet, especially one low in saturated fats and high in antioxidants, may reduce the risk.
 Avoidance of Smoking and Alcohol: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can be
detrimental.
 Mental Stimulation: Mental engagement and social interaction may be linked to reduce the risk
 Screening and management of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Conditions like
Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia involve specific pathological
changes in the brain.
 Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain toxins or pollutants might play a role.
 Health education and awareness regarding the disease may contribute to management of
disease.
 Treatment of Psychological illnesses: Chronic stress and depression may contribute to
cognitive decline over time.
 FINAL RECOMENDATION

Dementia is a multifactorial disease and is highly prevalent in elderly

population globally especially in individuals suffering from chronic diseases
like diabetes , heart diseases and hypertension and other organic brain
diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and psychological disorders like depression.
By taking into consideration the above mentioned interventions and by
adopting proper strategic approach, this disease can not only be treated, but
can be prevented and burden of the disease can be reduced from world. For
this proper insight into its preventive goals is necessary.
THANK YOU