Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic

A parameter is a descriptive population

measure. It is a measure of the characteristics
of the entire population (a mass of all the units
under consideration that share common
characteristics) based on all the elements
within that population.
Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male
teenagers worldwide, all elements in a
shopping cart, and all students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students
of a school for their favorite apparel brand.
Statistic is the number that describes the
sample. It can be calculated and observed
directly.
 Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with
the latest health care proposal. Researchers can’t ask
hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they
take samples or part of the population and calculate
the rest.

2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19

survivors.
Identify which of the cases involves measures from a
population and a sample.
1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1000
people in Barangay, 143 and asked if they used a
certain coffee product and 40% of them said yes.
2. A researcher interviewed all the students in a
certain school to identify their insights about
their favourite shoe brand.
Activity 1:
Give 5 examples of parameter and 5 examples
of statistic. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Activity 2:
Give a situation in your area that is an example
of parameter and statistic. Explain why you
considered it as a parameter or a statistic.
Lesson 3: Sampling
Distribution of the
Sample Means
Example 1: A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10
and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this
population.

Step 1: Determine the possible samples can be drawn using the

formula (the number of N objects taken n at a time)
Step 2: Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.
Step 3: Construct a probability distribution of the sample means.
A sampling distribution of sample mean is a
frequency distribution using the means
computed from all possible random samples of
a specific size taken from a population.
Example 2: Construct a sampling distribution
of sample mean for the set of data below.
86 88 90 95 98

Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn

from a population.
 Example 3:
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 8,
10 and 5. List all the possible samples of size 3
from this population and construct the
sampling distribution of the sample mean.
 Finding the Mean and the Variance of the
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
Objectives:
1. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution
of the sample mean
2. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for
normal population when the variance is: (a) known; (b)
unknown
Lesson 1: Finding the Mean and the
Variance of the Sampling Distribution
of the Sample Means
1. A – S – N – L – M – I – P – G
sampling
The _____________ distribution of sample
means is frequency distribution of the
sample means taken from a population.
2. O – T – M – A – R – S – I – G – H
histogram of the sampling
The _____________
distribution of the sample means is a bar graph
constructed by plotting the sample means
along the horizontal axis and the problem
along the vertical axis.
3. A – M – E – N
mean
The _____________ of the sampling
distribution of the sample means is
equal to the mean of the population.
4. R – O – R – E – R
error of the mean is the
Standard _____________
standard deviation of the sampling distribution
of the sample mean.
5. D – E – X – E – P – E – T – C
expected value.
Mean is also called _____________
Situation: It is Monday! Harvey is very enthusiastic
and challenged for his Modular Distance Learning
(MDL) experience at Week 5 in Statistics and
Probability. His encounter with past quarters and
modules justifies his excitement in learning more
about the core subject. He chose the MDL's Digital
Module Scheme because it is more practical to his
condition.
On the other hand, his mobile phone notified him that
Module 5 of Statistics and Probability had been posted
to their Facebook Learning Space, ready to be
accessed and downloaded. Surprisingly, there's a
problem with Harvey. He forgot his 5-digit
smartphone passcode!
Let us help Harvey decode his passcode by reviewing
the past lesson on the introduction of sampling
distribution of sample means.
Code Table:

CODE

ANSWER 4.46 13.889 3.727 19.90 5.860

Concept 1 Example:
Given the set of data: X = { 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13 }, complete
the corresponding table and compute for the variance and
standard deviation.
X

2 4
Variance
5 25
(1)
6 36
Standard Deviation
9 81
(2)
11 121

13 169
Concept 2 Example:
Find the mean or the expected value of the given
probability distribution below.
X P(X) . P(X)
0 0.100 0.000
Mean or Expected Value
2 0.150 0.300
4 0.200 0.800
5 0.140 0.700
6 0.150 0.900
8 0.090 0.720 (3)
11 0.030 0.330
15 0.050 0.750
14 0.050 0.700
16 0.030 0.480
18 0.010 0.180
Concept 3 Example:
Compute the variance and standard deviation of the given
probability distribution below.
X P(X) . P(X)
0 0 0.100 0
Variance
2 4 0.150 0.6 (4)
4 16 0.200 3.2
5 25 0.140 3.5
6 36 0.150 5.4
Standard Deviation
8 64 0.090 5.76 (5)
11 121 0.030 3.63
15 225 0.050 11.25
14 196 0.050 9.8
16 256 0.030 7.68
18 342 0.010 3.42
Code Table:

CODE 2 3 5 4 1
ANSWER 4.46 13.889 3.727 19.90 5.860
Example 1:
The following table gives the sum of tutorial rate of six teachers
in Antique per month. Suppose that random samples of size 4
are taken from this population of six teachers, do the following
tasks.
TEACHER TUTORIAL RATE (in thousand pesos) X
A 8
B 12
C 16
D 20
E 24
F 28
 STEPS:
1. Solve for the mean of the population .
2. Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample means .
3. Compare and .
4. Solve for the variance () and the standard deviation () of
the population.
5. Solve the variance () and the standard deviation () of the
sampling distribution of the sample means .
6. Compare and .
Step 1: Solve for the mean of the population .

8+12+16 +20 +24+ 28

=18
6
 POSSIBLE SAMPLE SAMPLE MEAN x̄
Step 2: Solve for the 8, 12, 16, 20 14
mean of the sampling 8, 12, 16, 24 15
8, 12, 16, 28 16
distribution of the 8, 12, 20, 24 16
sample means . 8, 12, 20, 28 17
8, 12, 24, 28 18
8, 16, 20, 24 17
a. Identify the possible 8, 16, 20, 28 18
8, 16, 24, 28 19
samples of size 4 and 8, 20, 24, 28 20
compute their 12, 16, 20, 24 18

individual means. 12, 16, 20, 28

12, 16, 24, 28
19
20
12, 20, 24, 28 21
16, 20, 24, 28 22
 b. Construct the sampling distribution table
for the sample means and solve for the mean
of the sampling distribution of the sample
means using the formula
SAMPLE MEAN FREQUENCY
PROBABILITY
x̄ F
14 1 1/15 14/15
15 1 1/15 15/15
16 2 2/15 32/15
17 2 2/15 34/15
18 3 3/15 54/15
19 2 2/15 38/15
20 2 2/15 40/15
21 1 1/15 21/15
22 1 1/15 22/15
TOTAL 15 15/15 or 1 270/15 = 18
Step 3: Compare and .
 Step 4: Solve for the variance () and the
standard deviation () of the population using
the formula
Variance Standard Deviation
 X
8 64
12 144
16 256
20 400
24 576
28 784
𝚺𝑿 = 108

Variance Standard Deviation

 Step 5: Solve the variance () and the standard
deviation () of the sampling distribution of the
sample means using the formula

Variance Standard Deviation

SAMPLE MEAN
PROBABILITY
x̄
14 196 1/15 196/15
15 225 1/15 225/15
16 256 2/15 512/15
17 289 2/15 578/15
18 324 3/15 972/15
19 361 2/15 722/15
20 400 2/15 800/15
21 441 1/15 441/15
22 484 1/15 484/15
TOTAL 2976 15/15 or 1 4930/15 = 328.67
Variance Standard Deviation
Step 6: Compare and .
Example 2:
A group of ABM students in Col. Ruperto Abellon
National School planned to have an online business as
part of their Applied Subject, Entrepreneurship. Their
shares are 2 000.00, 3 000.00, 4 000.00, 5 000.00, and 6
000.00. A sample size of 2 is to be taken from this
population as part of their market analysis. Complete the
following tasks to help the ABM students
Direction: Complete the given table by
supplying the missing entries and answer the
reflective questions using 3 to 5 sentences
referring to your answers on the table. Also,
copy and be familiar with the scoring rubric
provided.
 Poor Fair Good Excellent
Criteria Total
(1 point) (2 points) (3 points) (4 points)

Depth of
reflection

Required
components

Quality of
information

Structure and
Organization

Grammar
No. Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution

Symbol Formula Required Given

1
No. Variance of Ungrouped Data

Symbol Formula Required Given

2
No. Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data

Symbol Formula Required Given

3
No. Variance of Probability Distribution

Symbol Formula Required Given

4
No. Standard Devation of Probability Distribution

Symbol Formula Required Given

5
No. Mean of the Population

Symbol Formula Required Given

6
 Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample
No.
Means

Symbol Formula Required Given

7
Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the
No.
Sample Means

Symbol Formula Required Given

8
 Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of
No.
the Sample Means

Symbol Formula Required Given

9
Reflective Questions:
1. How do you solve for the mean of the sampling
distribution of sample means?
2. How do you compute for the variance and
standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
sample means?
3. What are the significance and relationship among
the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of sample means?
Problem: As a Physical Education teacher of Col. Ruperto
Abellon National School, Sir Dharyl wants to compute for
the Body Mass Index of few students as part of his
research. As a start, the table below shows the heights of
five students in meters.

Supposed samples of size 2 are taken from this population

of five students. Construct the desired tables needed for
your solutions and answers.
Student Height (X)
Jasmin 1.47 2.16
Trisha 1.58 2.50
Lady 1.67 2.79
Denmark 1.69 2.86
Airish 1.51 2.28
TOTAL 7.92 12.59
A group of ABM students in Col. Ruperto Abellon
National School planned to have an online business as
part of their Applied Subject, Entrepreneurship. Their
shares are Php 2 000.00, Php 3 000, Php 4 000,
Php 5 000, and Php 6 000. A sample size of 2 is to be
taken from this population as part of their market
analysis. Complete the following tasks to help the ABM
students in their market analysis.
 Central Limit Theorem
Objectives:
1. Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem
2. define the sampling distribution of the sample
mean using the Central Limit Theorem
3. solve problems involving sampling distributions
of the sample mean.
Example: Consider rolling a fair die once.

Number of Frequency Probability

Dot X F P(X)

1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 1
6 1
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean

SET 2 3 2 5 2 3 2 4 3 6 3.2
 n = 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x̄
1 6 6 3 2 5 6 1 4 1 3 3.7

2 5 2 3 5 1 1 1 1 3 2 2.4

3 6 2 6 2 1 2 5 2 3 4 3.3

4 4 3 4 1 6 6 4 4 2 5 3.9
S
E 5 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 4 3.1
T
S 6 3 3 3 2 1 5 5 4 4 1 3.1

7 4 1 5 4 2 4 5 5 4 3 3.7

8 5 5 1 2 6 3 5 3 2 1 3.3

9 1 3 3 4 4 5 4 6 3 5 3.8

10 3 1 5 6 1 3 3 1 3 3 2.9

3.32
Central Limit Theorem
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Properties:
➢ The Central Limit Theorem states that given a
population with mean and standard deviation and
taking sufficiently large random samples (with
replacement) from the population, the sampling
distribution of the sample means will be
approximately normally distributed.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Properties:
➢ Sample sizes on are considered sufficiently
large.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Properties:
➢ As the sample size increases, the sampling
distribution regardless of the shape of the original
population distribution.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Properties:
➢ The sampling
distribution of the
sample means
gets narrower as
the sample size
increases.
Range = 4.17 – 2.67 = 1.5
Range = 4.08 – 2.98 = 1.1
Range = 3.95 – 3.02 = 0.93
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Properties:
➢ The mean of the sample means is equal to the
population mean.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Properties:
➢ The variance of the sample means is equal to the population
variance divided by the sample size.

➢ The standard deviation of the sample means is equal to the

standard deviation of the population divided by the square root
of the sample size.
• As the sample size increase, the standard deviation of
the sample means decreases.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Properties:
The standard error of the mean measures the degree of accuracy of
the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean . It is also
known as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sampling mean, denoted by .

Formula: where: population standard deviation

sample size
ACTIVITY 1:
Direction: Read the problems below then write your
answer on a separate paper.
1. Determine the standard error of the mean for each of the
following sample size n given the population standard
deviation of 30. Round off your answer to the nearest
hundredths.
a. Answer: 13.42
b. Answer: 8.66
c. Answer: 5.67
d. Answer: 5.07
e. Answer: 4.74
ACTIVITY 1:
2. Analyze the answers obtained in item number 1. What
can you say about the relationship of the sample size and
the standard error?
a. 13.42
b. 8.66 Answer: Standard
c. 5.67 error is inversely
d. 5.07 proportional to the
e. 4.74 sample size.
ACTIVITY 1:
3. How does this relationship affect the distribution?

a.
b. 13.42 Answer: It will
c. 8.66 approach the normal
d. 5.67 distribution.
e. 5.07
4.74
ACTIVITY 1:
4. When do we obtain a good estimate of the mean?

a.
b. 13.42 Answer: When the
c. 8.66 error is small.
d. 5.67
e. 5.07
4.74
ACTIVITY 1:
5. When do we say that the mean is a poor estimate?

a.
b. 13.42 Answer: When the
c. 8.66 error is large.
d. 5.67
e. 5.07
4.74
 Importance of Central Limit Theorem

Central Limit Theorem is important because it

teaches researchers to use a limited sample to make
intelligent and accurate conclusions about a greater
population. It also justifies the use of normal curve
methods for a wide range of problems.
Example 1:
Time to Complete an Examination
The average time it takes a group of senior high school students
to complete a certain examination is 46.2 minutes while the
standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that the variable is
normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior
high school students will complete the examination in less than
43 minutes? Does it seem reasonable that a senior high school
student would finish the examination in less than 43 minutes?
 b. If 50 randomly selected senior high school
students take the examination, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the
group to complete the test will be less than 43
minutes? Does it seem reasonable that the
mean of the 50 senior high school students
could be less than 43 minutes?
Steps in finding the probability:
Step 1. Identify the given information.
Step 2. Identify what is asked for.
Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.

Step 4. Solve the problem and shade the required region.

Step 5. Convert the answer obtained in step 4 to a
percentage.
Solution for 1.a.
Step 1. Identify the given information.
Given:

Step 2. Identify what is asked for.

Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.

Step 4. Solve the problem and shade the

required region.
 Step 5. Convert the answer obtained in step 4
to a percentage.
 b. If 50 randomly selected senior high school
students take the examination, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the
group to complete the test will be less than 43
minutes? Does it seem reasonable that the
mean of the 50 senior high school students
could be less than 43 minutes?
 Example 2.
An electrical company claims that the average life of
the bulbs it manufactures is
1 200 hours with a standard deviation of 250 hours. If
a random sample of 100 bulbs is chosen, what is the
probability that the sample mean will be:
a. greater than 1 150 hours?
b. less than 1 250 hours?
c. between 1 150 hours and 1 250 hours?
 Example 3: Cholesterol Content
The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup
of a certain brand of ice cream is 660 mg, and the standard
deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally distributed.
a. If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability
that the cholesterol content will be more than 670 mg?

b. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is

the probability that the mean of the sample will be larger than
670 mg?
 Example 4: In a study of the life expectancy of 400
people in a certain geographic region, the mean age
at death was 70 years, and the standard deviation
was 5.1 years. If a sample of 50 people from this
region is selected, what is the probability that the
mean life expectancy will be less than 68 years?
Example 5: The average cholesterol content of a
certain canned goods is 215 milligrams, and the
standard deviation is 15 milligrams. Assume that
the variable is normally distributed. If a sample of
25 canned goods is selected, what is the probability
that the mean of the sample will be greater than 220
milligrams?
 Example 6: The average public elementary
school has 468 students with a standard
deviation of 87. If a random sample of 38
public elementary schools is selected, what is
the probability that the number of students
enrolled is between 445 and 485?
Topic: Percentiles and
T-Distribution
Objectives:
1. Illustrate the t-distribution
2. Identify the percentile using the t-
table
The t-distribution (also called Student’s t-
distribution) is a family of distributions that
look almost identical to the normal distribution
curve, only a bit shorter and stouter. The t-
distribution is used instead of the normal
distribution when you have small samples.
 The t – distribution was formulated in 1908 by
an Irish brewing employee named W.S. Gosset.
Gosset was involved in researching new methods of
manufacturing ale. Because brewing employees were
not allowed to publish results, Gosset published his
finding using pseudonym Student. Hence, the t –
distribution is sometimes called Student’s t –
distribution.
The larger the sample size, the more the t
distribution looks like the normal distribution.
For sample sizes larger than 20 (e.g. more
degrees of freedom), the distribution is almost
exactly like the normal distribution.
 Properties of t – distribution
➢ Like the normal distribution, the
t-distribution has a smooth shape.

➢ Like the normal distribution, the t-

distribution is symmetric. If you think about
folding it in half at the mean, each side will be
the same.
 Properties of t – distribution
➢ Like a standard normal distribution (or z-
distribution), the t-distribution has a mean of zero.

➢ The normal distribution assumes that the

population standard deviation is known. The t-
distribution does not make this assumption.
 Properties of t – distribution
The t-distribution is defined by the degrees of
freedom (df). These are related to the sample size.

The t-distribution is most useful for small sample

sizes, when the population standard deviation is not
known, or both.
 Properties of t – distribution
As the sample size increases, the t-distribution
becomes more similar to a normal distribution.
Degree of freedom - This refers to the
maximum number of logically independent
values which vary in the data sample.

Percentile – This is a measure of position with

data divided into 100 parts.
1. Identify the t-value whose number of samples n = 7
and has an area (𝛼) equal to 0.05.

2. Find the t-value whose degree of freedom is 20 and has

𝛼 = 0.01.

3. Identify the t-value of the following percentiles given

the number of samples.
a. 95th percentile , n= 30
b. 90th percentile, n=20
 1. Identify the t-value whose number of samples n = 7
and has an area (𝛼) equal to 0.05.

Solution:
To identify the t-value, identify first the degree of
freedom using the formula df= n-1 where n is the sample
size.
df = n-1
df = 7-1
df = 6
2. Find the t-value whose degree of freedom is
20 and has 𝛼 = 0.01.
3.a. 95th percentile , n= 30
3.b. 90th percentile, n=20
Complete the table below by identifying the
degree of freedom, right-tailed area and the t-
value for each percentiles and the sample size.
A researcher conducts a diagnostic examination to 20 students.
The following are the interpretation of the diagnostic
examination.
1. James got a score which is 60% higher than those who took
the diagnostic test.
2. Rowena has a percentile rank of 90.
3. Jimuel got a score which is only 5% higher than those who
took the diagnostic test.
4. Joanna has a percentile rank of 75.
5. Lester is 90% lower than those who took the diagnostic test.
Identify the t-value of the percentiles of the
following by filling up the table:
Student t - value
James
Rowena
Jimuel
Joanna
Lester
Question:
1. Who do you think got the highest score?
2. Who do you think passed the diagnostic
examination?
Topic: Length of Confidence and
Appropriate Sample Size
Objectives:
1. Identify the length of a confidence interval.
2. Compute for the length of the confidence interval.
3. Compute for an appropriate sample size using the length of
interval.
4. Solve exercise involving sample size determination.
 Parameter – Population

Inferential Statistics
process used to calculate
population parameters by
Estimation analyzing random samples
from population.

Point Interval
WEIGHT OF WOMEN WORLDWIDE

𝝁=?
 Lower Limit Upper Limit

confidence coefficient (area outside the confidence interval)

Definition of Terms
1. Confidence interval - In statistics, this refers to the
probability that a Population parameter will fall between a set
of values for a certain proportion of times. Confidence
intervals measure the degree of uncertainty or certainty in a
sampling method. They can take any number of probability
limits, with the most common being a 90% or 95% or 99%
confidence level.
2. Narrowness of the interval – This pertains to a small width in
relation to the length of the confidence interval.
 Length of Confidence Interval
This refers to the absolute difference between the upper
confidence limit and the lower confidence limit.

Formula:
LCI = |UCL – LCL| = |LCL – UCL|
Or
LCI = UCL – LCL
Where:
LCI – length of confidence interval
UCL – upper confidence limit
LCL – lower confidence limit
Example 1. Find the length of the confidence
interval 0. 275< p <0.360
Answer: LCI = 0.360 – 0.275 = 0.085

Example 2. Find the length of the confidence

interval
upper confidence limit = 0.805
lower confidence limit = 0.526
Answer: LCI = 0.805 – 0.526= 0.279
Exercises:
A. Find the length of the confidence interval.
1. 0.355 < p < 0.470 Answer: LCI = 0.470 – 0.355 = 0.155
2. 0.475 < p < 0.835 Answer: LCI = 0.835 – 0.475 = 0.36
3. Upper confidence limit = 0.796
Lower confidence limit = 0.536

Answer: LCI = 0.796 – 0.536 = 0.26

Exercises:
A. Find the length of the confidence interval.
4. Upper confidence limit = 0.896
Lower confidence limit = 0.526
Answer: LCI = 0.896 – 0.526 = 0.37

5. Upper confidence limit = 0.966

Lower confidence limit = 0.635
Answer: LCI = 0.966 – 0.635 = 0.331
The formula for interval estimate of population mean (μ) with
known standard deviation is:

The formula to find the length of the confidence interval

Where:
– is the z value
𝝈 – standard deviation
𝒏 – sample size
Example 3: Find the length of the confidence interval given the
following data:

Steps:
1. Determine the given.
2. Determine the confidence coefficient.
a. b. c.
and
3. Substitute the values in the formula and compute.
Exercises:
B. Find the length of the confidence interval
given the following data:
1.

2.

3.
The formula for confidence interval of population mean, if n<30

The formula to find the length of the confidence interval

Where:
– is the z value
s – sample standard deviation
𝒏 – sample size
Example 4: Find the length of the confidence interval, given the
following data:

Steps:
1. Determine the given.
2. Find the degree of freedom df.
3. Determine the confidence coefficient.
a. b. c.
3. Substitute the values in the formula and compute.
Example 4: Find the length of the confidence
interval, given the following data:
s = 6.5, n= 15, confidence level = 99%
Exercises:
C. Find the length of the confidence interval given
the following data:
1. s = 4.5, n = 20, confidence interval = 98%

2. s = 3.5, n = 25, confidence interval = 95%

3. s = 2.5, n = 28, confidence interval = 99%

A. Find the length of the following confidence
interval.
1. 0.242 < p < 0.653
2. 0.345 < p < 0.570
3. 0.275 < p < 0.463
4. Upper confidence limit = 0.820
Lower confidence limit = 0.490
5. Upper confidence limit = 0.715
Lower confidence limit = 0.350
B. Find the length of the confidence interval
given the following data:
1. = 3, n = 275, confidence level: 95%
2. = 6, n = 425, confidence level: 98%
3. = 9, n = 501, confidence level: 99%
 Deriving the Formula for a Sample Size
➢ Confidence interval describes the uncertainty inherent
in this estimate and describes a range of values within
which we can be reasonably sure that the true effect
actually lies.
➢ Narrowness of the interval pertains to a small width in
relation to the length of the confidence interval.
If the confidence interval is relatively narrow (e.g.,
0.70 to 0.80), the effect size is known precisely. If the
interval is wider (e.g., 0.60 to 0.93) the uncertainty is
greater, although there may still be enough precision
to make decisions about the utility of the intervention.
Intervals that are very wide (e.g., 0.50 to 1.10)
indicate that we have little knowledge about the effect,
and that further information is needed.
 Formula in Determining the Minimum Sample Size
Needed when Estimating the Population Mean

Derived from
Where:
- is the z – value (formula for the
Margin of Error)
– standard deviation
– Margin of Error
– sample size
 if the standard deviation is unknown, use the
formula:
Example 1: Feeding Program
In a certain barangay, Mario wants to estimate the mean
weight μ, in kilograms, of all seven-year-old children to
be included in a feeding program. He wants to be 99%
confident that the estimate of μ is accurate to within 0.06
kg. Suppose from a previous study, the standard deviation
of the weights of the target population was 0.5kg, what
should the sample size be?
 Steps in finding appropriate sample size:

Step 1: Determine the given.

Step 2. Determine the confidence coefficient

a. b. c.
and
Step 3. Substitute the values in the formula and
compute.

Step 4. Round up the resulting value to the

nearest whole number.
Note: When Determining sample size, we always round up the
resulting value to the next whole number.

Rule: When the calculated sample size is not a whole number, it

should be rounded up to the next higher whole number.

Rule: Rounding up a sample size calculation for

conservativeness ensures that your sample size will always be
the representative of the population.
Example 2. A sample size calculation determined
that 2006.083 data points were necessary to
represent the population. In this case, 2007 data
points samples should be taken.

Example 3. Suppose the calculated sample size is

409.14. What would be the sample size?
Example 2. REPLICATING A STUDY
Kristine wants to replicate a certain study,
where the lowest observed value is 10.4 while
the highest is 12.8. She wants to estimate the
population mean μ to within an error of 0.05 of
its true value. Using 98% confidence level find
the sample size n that she needs.
 Steps in finding appropriate sample size:

Step 1: Determine the given.

Step 2. Determine the confidence coefficient

a. b. c.
and
Step 3. Determine the standard deviation.
Step 4 .Substitute the values in the formula and
compute.

Step 5. Round up the resulting value to the

nearest whole number.
Exercise 1. The school nurse of a certain school wants to conduct a
survey about the average number of students who buy snacks at the
school canteen. If he plans to use 98% confidence level, 3 as the margin
of error, and a standard deviation of 15. How many sample sizes does
he need for the survey?

Exercise 2. You want to estimate the mean gasoline price within your
town to the margin of error of 5 centavos. Local newspaper reports the
standard deviation for gas price in the area is 25 centavos. What sample
size is needed to estimate the mean gas prices at 95% confidence level?
1. You want to estimate the mean gasoline
price within your town to the margin of error
of 5 centavos. Local newspaper reports the
standard deviation for gas price in the area is
25 centavos. What sample size is needed to
estimate the mean gas prices at 95%
confidence level?
2. The school nurse of a certain school wants to
conduct a survey about the average number of
students who buy snacks at the school canteen. If he
plans to use 98% confidence level, 3 as the margin
of error, and a standard deviation of 15. How many
sample sizes does he need for the survey?
3. Carlos wants to replicate a study where the
highest lowest observed value is 13.8 while the
lowest is 13.4. He wants to estimate the population
mean μ to the margin of error of 0.025 of its true
value. Using 99% confidence level, find the sample
size n that he needs.
4. In a group presentation, the average geometric
reasoning of Grade 10 students in a Mathematics
camp was observed to be 80 with s standard
deviation of 4. A researcher wants to replicate the
study to estimate the true population mean μ to
within 0.5 maximum error. If the 98% level of
confidence is adopted, how many respondents are
needed?
A. Solve the following problems.
1. A researcher wants to estimate the average
number of children with congenital heart disease
who are between the ages of 1–5 years old. How
many children should be enrolled in this study, if
the researcher plans on using a 95% confidence
level and wants a margin of error of 0.5 and
standard deviation 4?
2. Allan, a Grade 12 senior high school
student, wants to estimate the average number
of students who will pursue collage degree in a
certain school. How many sample sizes does
he need, if he plans to use 98% confidence, 0.5
as the margin of error, and a standard deviation
of 5.
B. Find other methods of determining sample
size, then compare these with the formula
proposed in the previous lesson. If you are to
select a method, which will it be? Explain your
idea.