SOLANACEOUS

VEGETABLES
• Solanaceae is mainly a tropical family of about 75
genera and 3000 species.
• Many members of the family contain potent
alkaloids, and some are highly toxic.
• The more important vegetable genera are Solanum
(potato and eggplant), Lycopersicon (tomato), and
Capsicum (pepper).
• The Solanaceae, widely known as the nightshade
family.
 TOMATO
• Lycopersicon esculentum
• 2n= 24
• Tomatoes are nutritionally valuable for their
high pro-vitamin A and vitamin C content.
• In the present days it is gaining more
medicinal importance because of the
antioxidant property of ascorbic acid and
lycopene content.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Tomato is a native of South America and
Mexico and domestication of tomato took
place in Mexico.
• The genus Lycopersicon has 112 species. All
are native to South America.
• The genus Lycopersicon differs from Solanum
by the absence of spines in the pinnatified
leaves.
 BOTANY
• According to Muller (1940) and Luckwill (1943) the genus is
furthur divided into two subgenera, based on the presence
of pigments.
1. Eulycopersicon
• Characterized by the presence of red fruited edible species
with carotenoid and lycopine pigmentation.
• The cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, and its
wild relative L.pimpinellifolium are included in this group.
2. Eriolycopersicon
• Green fruited with anthocyanin pigmentation
• Includes the species like L. Pissisi, L. Peruvianum, L.
Hirsutum, L. g;landulosum, L. cheesmani
• Lycopersicon esculentum have 4 botanical
varieties.
1. Lycopersicon esculentum var. commune (
common tomato)
2. L. esculentum var. grandifolium (large leaved
tomato)
3. L. esculentum var. validum (upright tomato)
4. L. esculentum var. cerasiforme(cherry tomato)
5. L. esculentum var. pyriforme (pear tomato)

 The immediate ancestor of cultivated tomato was

probably L. esculentum var.cerasiforme.
 GROWTH HABIT
• Indeterminate:
 In this type, the terminal bud is always a vegetative bud.
 It continues extended growth in favourable condition and this
type requires staking to avoid plant toppling or trailing on the
ground.
• Determinate :
 The vegetative growth is restricted and the terminal bud is
always a flower bud.
 Plants tend to be bushy and dwarf. They do not require
staking.
 The growth is condensed and the flower production is almost
continuous and hence the number of harvest is limited.
 FLORAL BIOLOGY
• Tomato produces perfect, hermaphrodite,
pentamerous flowers.
• Flowers are yellow in colour, borne in
clusters,extra axillary in position, the flower
cluster appears like racemose cyme with
dichotomous branching.
• flower pedicel is highly pubescent, very thin
and green in colour.
• The flower cluster is called “truss”
• Calyx: grey in colour,5-7 sepals, alternate with
petals.
• Corolla:5-7 petals, bright yellow in colour
• Androecium: stamens 5, greenish yellow,free
at the base and united at the top. The anthers
dehisce longitudinally.
• Fruits: it is a berry, borne singly or in clusters
with persistent calyx.
 POLLINATION
• It is a self pollinated crop. Cross pollination
also occur to an extent of 14-30%.
• After the anther dehiscence, the stigma grows
to a very small extent to pass through the
cone which causes self pollination. Generally
the flower cluster will produce 1-2 fruits per
cluster.
 VARIETIES
Sakthi
• Bacterial wilt resistant variety .
• Fruits are round, slightly flat at the ends and
medium sized.
• Fruits show tendency to crack at maturity and hence
should be harvested before full maturity.

Vellayani Vijay
• Bacterial wilt resistant variety.
Mukthi
• Bacterial wilt resistant variety.
• Fruits are round, slightly flat at the ends, medium sized
and light greenish in colour.
• Average yield is 43.5 t/ha.
Anagha
• Bacterial wilt resistant variety.
• The variety is resistant to fruit cracking, and tolerant
to leaf curl and mosaic.
• Fruits are reddish round without green shoulder.
Average fruit weight is 45 g and average yield is 30
t/ha
Manulakshmi
• Resistant to bacterial wilt, Semi determinate
growth habit
• High fruit size (50-55g), fruit shape- oval
Manuprabha
• Wilt resistant tomato
• Fruit colour and shape, Round, Uniform
• Fruit yield- 1.880 kg; Av. Fruit weight 55-60 g
MUKTHI ANAGHA

SAKTHI MANUPRABHA
Pusa Ruby
• High yielding variety is released by IARI, New Delhi.
• It is an early growing cultivar.
• Fruits are yellow coloured at stem end, and are of uniform
ripening.
• Average yield is 32.5 t/ha. It is suitable for table as well as
processing purpose.
Pusa Early Dwarf
• Variety released by IARI, New Delhi.
• It is an early ripening cultivar of determinate type.
• fruits are flattish round, medium large with yellow stem end.
• Fruits are ready for harvesting 75-80 days after transplanting.
Average yield is 35 t/ha.
• It is suitable for table as well as processing purpose
Co-1
• Variety released by TNAU, Coimbatore. Suitable for
growing in South India.
• Fruits are round with yellow stem end, determinate
and ripen uniformly.
Arka Alok
• Plants are determinate. Resistant to bacterial wilt.
• Average yield is 46 t/ha.
Arka Shreshta
• Plants are semi determinate with light green foliage.
• Fruits are firm with good keeping quality (17 days)
and long transportability. Resistant to bacterial wilt.
• Average yield is 76 t/ha.
 BREEDING OBJECTIVES
• Develop varieties with increased yield and early
development.
• To Develop self pruning varieties.
• To develop multiple disease and pest resistant
varieties. (especially early blight, Fusarium wilt,
bacterial wilt and viral diseases.)
• Breeding for improved fruit quality and appearance
• To develop varieties suitable for processing purpose.
• To develop firm cultivars highly resistant to fruit
cracking.
 BREEDING METHODS
• Hybridization followed by pedigree selection
has been the most commonly used breeding
method for tomato improvement.
• Introduction:
 Roma
 Marvel introduction from USA
 Best of all
• Pureline Selection
 Co 1
 Arka saurabh(PLS from V-685)
 Arka vikas ( PLS from Tip-Top)
• Mass selection
 Massing of IIHR – 674 from VC-82 line developed into
Arka Ashish
• Hybridization
 Pusa ruby – Sioux X Improved meeruti
 Pusa early dwarf - Improved meeruti X Red cloud
 Pusa sheetal – “cold set” variety
 Pusa Divya – F1 hybrid developed using male sterile
line
• Interspecific hybridization
 L. peruvianum- source of resistance to
Verticillium wilt, nematodes and salinity
 L. pimpinellifolium – source of resistance to
bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, source of
carotene and vitamin C content.
 L. cheesmani – good source of salinity
resistance.
 BRINJAL
• Solanum melongena
• 2n= 24
• Brinjal fruits are good source of Vitamin B and
are also good sources of Ca, P, and iron.
• It has de- cholestrolizing action due to the
presence of poly-unsaturated fatty acid.
• Bitter taste of fruit is due to presence of
glycoalkaloids.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Brinjal originated in India ( Indo-Burma) and
China may be the secondary centre of origin
• The crop is restricted mainly to South and
South East Asia, Southern Europe, China and
Japan
 BOTANY
• Among the 22 Indian species, there is a group of 5
related ones. They are
1. Solanum melongena
2. S. coagulans
3. S. xanthocarpum
4. S. indicum
5. S.maccanii
• There are three main botanical varieties under
the species melongena,
1. The round or egg shaped cultivars are
grouped under variety esculentum
2. The long slender types are included under
variety serpentinum
3. The dwarf brinjal plants are put under variety
depressum.
 FLORAL BIOLOGY
• Flowers are hermaphrodite with large and showy
purple or white corolla.
• Calyx :5 , gamosepalous, light green in colour and
persistent.
• Corolla: 5, gamopetalous purple or white in colour.
• Androecium :stamens 6, filaments are attached at
the base of the petals.
• Gynoecium: capitate stigma is found either above or
on the same level o below the stamens.
 TYPES OF FLOWERS
• There are four types of flowers depending on the
length of style(heterostyly) and size of the ovary.
1. Long styled with big size ovary.
2. Medium styled with medium size ovary.
3. Pseudo- short styled with rudimentary ovary.
4. True short styled with very rudimentary ovary
 Long and medium flowers produce fruits whereas
pseudo-short and true short styled flowers do not
set any fruit.
• There are three positions of stigma are
observed.
1. Found either above the stamen
2. Same level as that of stamens
3. Below the stamens
 High fruit set is found when the stigma is
above the stamen
 POLLINATION
• Brinjal is a self pollinated crop, but cross –
pollination also occurs. This is because it has
pronounced heterostyly which favours cross-
pollination
• 60-70% fruit setting happens through
pollination by insects while 30-40% is by
selfing.
 VARIETIES
Surya
• Bacterial wilt resistant, open pollinated, high yielding
brinjal variety
• Fruits are medium sized, oval, and glossy violet with
average fruit weight of 90 g.
Swetha
• Bacterial wilt resistant, open pollinated, high yielding
brinjal variety.
• Medium long, white fruits weighing 43 g on an
average. Average yield is 30 t/ha.
Haritha
• Bacterial wilt resistant, open pollinated, high yielding
brinjal variety
• Crop duration 2 years and average yield is 62 t/ha.
• Light green and long fruits with average fruit weight
of 123g.
Neelima
• First wilt resistant F1 hybrid brinjal in India released
from the KAU.
• Large, oval to round, and glossy violet fruits.
• Average fruit weight 176.0 g. Average yield is 65 t/ha.
HARITHA SURYA

SWETHA NEELIMA
Pusa Purple Long
• Early maturing and long fruited variety suitable for
spring and autumn plantings.
• Fruits are 25-30 cm long, smooth glossy and tender,
and light purple in colour
• Average yield is 27.5 t/ha. Moderately tolerant to
shoot borer and little leaf disease.

Pusa Purple Cluster

• Early maturing and long fruited type.
• Fruits are small, dark purple in colour and borne in
clusters. Resistant to little leaf disease under natural
conditions.
Arka Navneet
• A high yielding hybrid released from IIHR, Bangalore.
• Fruits are large oval to oblong with deep purple and
shining skin with each fruit 450 g in weight. Average
yield is 65-70 t/ha.

Arka Nidhi
• Released from IIHR, Bangalore.
• High yielding variety resistant to bacterial wilt.
• Fruits are borne in cluster. Fruits are free from bitter
principles with slow seed maturity and good cooking
quality. Average yield is 48 t/ha.
 BREEDING OBJECTIVES
• To develop high-yielding, early and better
quality varieties.
• Exploitation of heterosis for increasing productivity
• Incorporation of resistance against insect pests including fruit
and shoot borer
• Breeding wilt and other disease resistance-host plant
resistance
• To develop chilling or frost- tolerant and heat-tolerant
varieties.
• To develop varieties with short cooking time and lower
solanine levels.
• Development of locally preferred cultivars which are distinct
in appearance
 BREEDING METHODS
• Selection
 Pusa purple long
 Pusa purple cluster
 Arka nidhi
• Interspecific hybridization
S. melongena is readily crossable with S.
incanum and produce viable seedlings.
• Pedigree method
 Superior parental lines selected includes Pusa
Purple long, Pant Samrat, Pusa Kranti etc.
• Heterosis breeding
Promising combinations are,
 Pusa Purple long x Pant Samrat
 Pusa Purple long x Punjab Bahar
 Pant Samrat x Punjab Barsati
 CHILLI

• Capsicum annuum
• 2n= 24
• In food and beverage industries chilli is being
used in the form of oleoresin which permits
better distribution of colour and flavour in food.
• Capsicin is the pungent principle of chilli
• Capsanthin is the principle pigment of chilli
which is responsible for red colour.
 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Capsicum originated from new world. The
centre of diversity of the common cultivated
chillies is probable Mexico with a secondary
centre at Guatemala.
• Different species of Capsicum are,
1. Capsicum annum
2. Capsicum baccatum
3. Capsicum frutescens
4. Capsicum chinense
5. Capsicum pubescens
 FLORAL BIOLOGY

• Flowers are usually borne singly and are terminal, but due
to branching they appear to be axillary.
• Calyx : companulate, shortly dentate, 10 ribbed, about
2mm long enlarging and enclosing base of fruits.
• Corolla: rotate, campanulate, deeply 5- partite, 8-15 mm
in diameter.
• Androecium : white or greenish stamens, 5-6 inserted
near base of corolla, anthers bluish, dehiscing
longitudinally, occationally anthers are yellow in colour.
• Gynoecium : ovary two celled, superior, style simple ,
white or purple, stigma capitate.
• Fruit : indehiscent, many seeded berry, pendulus or erect,
borne singly at nodes
 POLLINATION
• Both self and cross pollination occur.
• Cross pollination being about 16% by bees,
ants and thrips.
 VARIETIES
Jwalasakhi
 less pungent variety with light green fruits.
 Suitable for cultivation in southern districts of Kerala.
Jwalamukhi
 Green fruits and less pungent
Manjari
 Bacterial wilt resistant variety
 Fruits are highly pungent
 Suitable for high density planting
Ujwala
 High yielding bacterial wilt resistant variety
 Dark green fruits borne in bunches.
 High pungent variety suitable for exraction of
oleoresin and colouring pigments.
 Resistantto mosaic and leaf roller attack.

Anugraha
 Early maturing bacterial wilt resistant variety
 Attractive long green medium pungent fruits.
Arka Lohit
 Pureline selection from IIHR 324.
Arka Sweta
 High yielding F1hybriddevelopedby using MS
line.
Arka Harita
 High yielding F1hybriddevelopedby using MS
line.
 Tolerant to powdery mildew and viruses.
Ujwala
 BREEDING OBJECTIVES
• High yield
• Early maturity
• Superior fruit quality
• Desirable fruit shape and size
• High oleoresin content
• Longer shelf life
• Colour retension in dry chillies on drying
• Resistance to pest and diseases
 BREEDING METHODS
• Selection
Eg: G1, G2, Co 1, Sindhur, Patna Red Pant C1
• Hybridization
Eg: Andhra Jyoti- cherry type fruit, pusa sadabahar-
virus resistant
• Interspecific hybridization
Varietal variation has been observed for the
interspecific hybridization between c.annuum and
C.frutescens
• Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding has been resorted to develop
variants in chilli by the optimum dose of gamma
rays (around12 krad)
• Polyploid breeding
Polyploids have been synthesized using
colchicine. But have only limited value in chilli
improvement
 CULTIVATION PRACTICES
• Climate
 Warm weather
 The crop does well under an average monthly
temperature of 210C to 230C
 Long dry spell and heavy rainfall both shows
detrimental effect on growth and fruiting
• Soil
 Grow on almost all types of soils from light
sandy to heavy clay. Soil which is well drained ,
fairly light , fertile is ideal
• Raising seedlings
 Seeds are sown in the nursery and one month
old seedlings are transplanted to main field.
 Transplant the seedlings during October-
November for an irrigated crop.
• Manuring
 A fertilizer dose of 75:40:25 kg NPK per ha may
be given.
 Half of N, full P and half potash may be applies
as basal before transplanting
 One fourth N and half of potash may be applied
20-30 days after planting. The remaining may
be applied two months after planting.
 POTATO
• Solanum tuberosum
• 2n=4x=48
• Carbohydrate- major constituent.
• Varieties containing low sugar and high dry
matter are suitable for preparation of special
value added products like chips, French fries
and other dehydrated products.
 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Potato was originally domesticated in South
America and widely distributed throughout
the Andes from Columbia to Peru and also in
Southern Chile.
• It was introduced in India from Europe in early
17th century.
 BOTANY
• Potato is a much branched erect or spreading herb
• Potato stolons are lateral shoots, usually from the
most basal nodes below the soil level
• Typically they are diageotropic shoots with elongted
internodes , hooked at the tip.
• They have spirally arranged scale leaves
• Tubers develop from the sub-apical region of the
stolons.
• Tuber formation includes 2 processes, stolon
formation and tuberization of the stolon tips.
 FLORAL BIOLOGY
• Potato flowers under long days (around 16 hrs)
moderate temperature and high humidity
• Inflorescence : a monochasial cyme with few
flowers arising extra axillary position.
• Flowers : vary in colour from white to creamy
and often tinge of green or pink or blue or
purple are found. Flowers are hermaphrodite,
actinomorphic, regular, pedicelled, bracteate.
• Calyx: gamosepalous, 5 lobed, rotate.
• Stamens : five, epipetalous, alternate, with
corolla lobes . Anthers are erect and longer
than the filaments with apical dehiscence.
• Ovary: superior, bicarpellary, ovules many,
axile placentation, style simple, erect, ending
in capitate stigma
 VARIETIES
• Early maturing
 Kufri Chandramukhi, K. lauvkar
• Late maturing
 Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Swarna, Kufri Megha
• Late blight resistant
 K. Jyoti, K. Swarna, K. Jawahar, K. Jeevan
• Varieties for plains
 K. Ashoka, K. Anand , K. Alankar
 BREEDING OBJECTIVES
• High tuber yield
• Earliness
• Photoperiod insensitivity
• Responsiveness to fertilizer.
• Better keeping quality
• Better quality tubers.
• Resistance to diseases and pests.
• Tolerance to heat, drought, frost and soil salinity.
 BREEDING METHODS
• Potato is a self pollinated crop but vegetatively
propagated . The cultivated tetraploid varieties
are highly heterozygous. Selfing or inbreeding in
potato leads to loss of vigourof the progeny.
• Back cross method
 Cultivated potato does not posses resistance to
most of the disease and the pests.
 Hybridization is done between cultivated species
and wild or semi- cultivated species.
• Hybridization
 Kufri Jawahar- K. Neelami x K.Jyoti
(moderately resistant to late blight)
 K. Swarna – K. Jyoti x VI n2 ( don’t show
cracking)
• Mutation breeding
 R8 through X-rays
• Biotechnology
 Tissue culture technology has been widely
used for production of disease free and quality
planting material.
 CPRI Simla has developed transgenics for
resistance against potato tuber moth and late
blight disease.
 CULTIVATION PRACTICES
• Climate
 Potato can be successfully grown in the high ranges of
Kerala.
 A day temperature of 20-300 C is optimum for growth and
tuberization in potato.
 Tuber formation is adversely affected if the temperature
goes above 300 C
• Soil
 Loose friable sandy loam or silt loam , rich in organic
matter are ideal for potato. Hard clay should be avoided
• Planting
 Whole potato tuber or cut pieces (50-60g) longitudinally
cut from bud-end to stem end can be used for planting.
 TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS)
• Non availability of quality seed tubers, high
seed cost, virus infestation in seed tubers
causing degeneration of seed stocks led to the
development of TPS technology ofcrop
production.
• About 100-120g TPS is enough to raise a
seedling crop for one hectare .
• They also provide better disease resistance
because of high heterogenity in the population.
• Manuring
 120:100:120 kg/ha NPK
 Half dose of N and full dose of P and K are
applied as basal. Remaining N should be
applied 30 DAP.