Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An
Assignment Presentation
On
Submitted To,
Dr.Yogesh Pawar
College of Horticulture,
S. D. A. U., S. K. Nagar
Submitted By,
Chaudhari Ramila N.
M.Sc.(Hort.) 1st sem.
CARROT
Botanical name:-Daucus
carota L.
Family:-Umbelliferae
Chromosome no.:- 2n=18
Mode of pollination: cross
pollinated crop.
INTRODUCTION:
The genus Daucus has many wild forms that grow mostly in
Mediterranean region and south-west Asia.
BOTANY:-
The cultivated types were evolved as the selection from inter specifc
cross between above 2 species. The plant is
consisting of hermaphrodite flowers in the peripheral and central zones
in the umbel inflorescence and male flowers in the intermediate zone.
Male sterility controlled by a cytoplasmic factor and one or more
recessive genes has been reported.
Closed anther mutants and types with unrolled stamen filaments
have been observed. This type of functional male sterility is useful in
hybrid seed production.
This phenomenon of protandry is also responsible for cross-
pollination.
The stigma becomes receptive on the fifth day after flower Opening
and remains active for 8 days, but the better fruit sets are from
pollination on 6 to 11 days after flower opening. Over 95% of cross
pollination has been observed in carrot.
PLANT CHARACTERS
PLANT CHARACTERS
Habit :
carrot is an annual or biennial herb, with an erect to much
branded stem, 30-120 cm height arising from a thick, fleshy tap
root,5-30 cm long.
Stem :
Usually the stem elongates and produces rough, hispid branches
during the second year.
Leaves:
Leaves are pinnately compound with long petioles expanded
into a stalk at the base.
Root:
The edible portion of carrot root is actually an enlarged fleshy
taproot. It consist primarily of phylom or cortex and core or xylem.
Good quality carrots have a maximum of cortex and minimum of
core in the so-called ‘Coreless’ cultivars, the core is small and deeply
pigmented so that the cortex and core are evenly coloured.
FLORAL BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION:-
Stamens:
Stamens are five in number.
Ovary:
Inferior consists of two locules, each with a single ovule. On
the Upper surface of the ovary, there is swollen nectar which
supports the style and stigma.
Seed:
Seed is indehiscent mericarp, containing a single seed. In fact ,
2 mericarps pair to form the schizocarps ,the true carrot fruit
which develops from a two loculed ovary .the mericarpor the seed
is some what flatted on one side and the opposite side has
longitudinal ribs with bristly hairs .
TAXONOMY:-
Kingdom : Plantae
Order : Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus : Daucus
Species: D. carota
• All cultivated carrots , together with the wild ones which are
known in Europe, belong to the species Daucus carota L. Most wild
Daucus forms are found in the south- Asia and the Mediterranean, a
few in Africa , Australia and America.
• All wild forms found in Asia, Asia Minor, Japan and U.S.A have the
same chromosome number as their European relatives.
• Daucus carota spp. Carota is the commonest wild from in Europe
and south west Asia. The present days cultivated carrot most
probably originated from this subspecies.
CYTOGENETICS:
Tuber colour:
1.Red: iiPPyyee
2.Light red: iippyyee
•USDA – ARS
•European cooperative programme for crop Genetic Resources-
ECP/GR.
•National centre for vegetable crops research- Carrot Breeding
Collection(CNPH), Eurpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecularia-
Brazil=200 accessions.
•BAZ- Inst. Of Horticultural Crops, Germany= 5 species, 25
subspecies, 30 wild relatives.
•National Gene Bank - Rural development Administration, Korea.
BREEDING OBJECTIVES:-
Mass selection:
For improvement of root length and high yield.
Bulk population :
This method has been successfully used to evolve Pusa kesar as
selection from a cross between Nantes and Local Asiatic.
Mutation Breeding
Chemical mutagens NEU (N-mitroso-N-ethyl urea) @ 0.025-0.6
per cent was successfully used to develop sterile line in carrot.
Polyploidy breeding:
Tetraploid (2n=36) and Octaploid (2n=72)have been developed
in carrot, The polyploidy have only limited utility in carrot.
Heterosis breeding:
1. Chanteny × Genanda = 25-33% yield increase
2. Virginea Savoy × Old Domain = Res. To CMV.
Heterosis breeding:
2)EarlyNantes:
Almost cylindrical roots terminating abruptly in small thin tail,
12-15 cm long, fine textured, oranges flesh with self-coloured
core. It takes 90-100 days for roots formation and 310-330 days for
seed crops.
3)Chatenay:
An excellent cultivar for canning and storage. roots are 11.5-15 cm
long and 3-5 cm in diameter, thick, attractive orange growth, core
indistinct, flesh tender, sweet and fine textures.
4)Imperator:
Developed from a cross of Nantes and Chantenay. Roots are 15-17.5
cm long and 2.5-4.5 cm in diameter, with short tapered end ,deep
orange cortex and slightly distinct core
5)Zeno:
This is very popular variety for the Nilgiri hills .The roots are 15-17 cm
long, and slightly tapering towards the end. It takes 110-120 days for
root formation.
6)Pusa Yamdagini (Sel-5):
Development by hybridization between EDC 9981 x Nantes .. Roots
are 15-16cm long, orange, self-colored core, slightly tapering,
medium tops, quick growing in comparison with other temperate
types, high yielding and richer in carotene content.
Resistance Breeding For Biotic Stress
• Nantes, Imperator: Res. To pythium spp.
FAMILY: Brassicaceae
ORIGIN: Egypt
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angioserms
Order: Brassicacales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Raphanus
Species: R.sativus
CYTOGENETICS:
•Early rooting
•High yield
•White, long/stump roots with thin tap root and non-branching
habit
•Nonpithy roots
•Pungency of roots as per consumers preference
•Slow bolting habit
•Heat tolerance
•Drought resistance
•Wet tolerance
•Resistance to alternaria blight, white rust, RMV
•Tolerance to aphids
BREEDING METHODS:
Mass selection:
• This is practiced in cultivars collected from the farmer’s fields.
• Arka Nishant from IIHR.
Pedigree metho:
• Pusa Himani: Black Radish× Japanese White
• Pusa Rashami: Green Top×Desi.
Polyploid breeding:
Polyploids with 2n=36 produced. No distict advantages. Two
polyploid varieties have been developed and these yields more than
diploids.
1.Sofia Delicious(2n=36)
2.Semi long Red Giant(2n=36).
Variety and Varietal character:
6)Kalyani white: The roots are pure white having blunt ends, 25-30
cm long. Top growth is short. The roots are mildly pungent. This
variety is suitable to grow all the year round except during hot
summer. Roots become ready for harvesting in 45-50 days.
7)Arka Nishant: This variety was developed from the seed
collected from Singapore; and released by Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research, Bangalore in 1980. The roots are mildly
pungent, marble white in colour, non-pithy roots of excellent
quality. Roots become ready for harvesting in 45 to 50 days. Pre-
mature bolting and root forking are not commonly seen.