Assemblerppt

Assembler/Session 1
Course
Course Title
Title ::
ASSEMBLER
ASSEMBLER
LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE
Duration
Duration :: 55 Half
Half -- DAYS
DAYS
CTS-PAC Version 2.0 1

Assembler/Session 1
Objectives
Objectives
Objectives
• Familiarize with IBM 370 Assembly Language

Assembler/Session 1
COURSE SCHEDULE
SESSION 1 Introduction
Day 1
SESSION 2 Addressing
Day 1
SESSION 3
Day 2 Machine Instructions

Assembler/Session 1
COURSE SCHEDULE
SESSION 4 Program Sectioning
Day 3
SESSION 5 Assembler Directives

Day 3
SESSION 6 Writing a complete program

Day 3
SESSION 7 Assemble and link program

Day 4

Assembler/Session 1
COURSE SCHEDULE
SESSION 8 Macro Language

Day 4
SESSION 9 Other Topics
Day 5

Assembler/Session 1
Assembler Language
SESSION 1

Assembler/Session 1
Objectives
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• An assembler language is a symbolic form of

machine language
• Assembler translates assembler language
program to machine language
• An assembler program consists of many
statements
• In general, one assembler language statement
corresponds to one machine language
instruction
Assembler/Session 1
STATEMENT
STATEMENT FORMAT
FORMAT
Objectives
1 10 16 30
label operation operands comments
e.g..
INIT1 LA R5,4 ;INITIALISE REGISTER 5
Rules for choosing labels:

• maximum 8 characters
• Alphabets, digits, @, #, $
• First character should not be a digit
• label should begin in column 1

Assembler/Session 1
Objectives
Sample program
Sample program
Col1 Col10 Col.16
L 2,A
A 2,B
ST 2,ANS
…..
…..
A DC F’15’
B DC F’20’
ANS DS F

Assembler/Session 1
STATEMENT
STATEMENT FORMAT
FORMAT
Objectives
Operation
• One of the 200 M/C instruction mnemonics (eg. MVC)
Operand
• can be a register or memory location
Continuing a statement
• Place any character in column 72 of the line to be continued
• Continue the statement from column 16 of next line
• Maximum 2 continuation lines for a statement

Assembler/Session 1
STATEMENT
STATEMENT FORMAT
FORMAT
Objectives
Comment Statement
• * in column 1
• Any text in columns 2 - 71
Note : Fields separated by one or more

blanks

Assembler/Session 1
TYPES
TYPES OF
OF INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Objectives
1. Machine Instructions
2. Assembler Instructions (Directives)
3. Macro Instructions

Assembler/Session 1
REGISTERS
REGISTERS
Objectives
Registers are storage areas inside the processor
Advantages:
- No need to retrieve data from main
storage
(saves time)
- Shared resource that allows inter
communication between programs

Assembler/Session 1
REGISTERS
REGISTERS
Objectives
General purpose registers:
* 16 registers available
* Numbered 0 - 15
* Holds 32 bits (4 bytes) of data (1 Full word)
Floating point registers:
* 4 registers available
* Numbered 0,2,4,6
* Holds 64 bits (8 bytes) of data
Note : The registers 0, 1, 13, 14 and 15 are reserved for special purpose
By IBM convention these registers are used for calling
subprograms
Assembler/Session 1
DATA
DATA REPRESENTATION
REPRESENTATION
Objectives
Binary fields
- Always fixed in length, either 2 or 4 bytes
(Full word or Half word)
- Negative numbers stored in 2’s complement form
Examples:
A DC H’295’ 01 27
B DC H’-75’ FF 35

Assembler/Session 1
2’s
2’s complement
complement form
form
Objectives
How to identify a negative number?
- Leading bit contains a 1 (In Hex 8 to F)
How to convert to a negative number?
-First switch the bits (1 to 0 , 0 to 1)
-Finally add 1

Assembler/Session 1
Boundary
Boundary requirements
requirements
Objectives
Full word – Should begin in a full word boundary
(Achieved by aligning with 0F)
Half word – Should begin in a half word boundary
(Achieved by aligning with 0H)
How to find:
The starting address of Full word should end with
0, 4, 8 or C and Half words should end with 0, 2, 4,
6, 8, A, C or E

Assembler/Session 1
DATA
DATA REPRESENTATION
REPRESENTATION
Objectives
Characters
- One byte (EBCDIC form)
- Character representation of decimal digits is called
Zoned Decimal (first nibble is zone and next is digit)
Zone digit Zone Code

0-9 + C, A,E,F
- D, B
+, - , blank Blank F

Assembler/Session 1
DATA
DATA REPRESENTATION
REPRESENTATION
Objectives
Floating Point Numbers
- Always fixed in length, 4, 8 or 16 bytes
(Full word, double word, double double word)
- Left most bit represents sign
(0 - positive; 1 - negative)
- Next 7 bits represent exponent
- Remaining bytes represent the fraction

Assembler/Session 1
DATA
DATA REPRESENTATION
REPRESENTATION
Objectives
Decimal numbers ( Packed Decimal representation)
- Each byte but the rightmost has 2 decimal digits (0-9)
- The right most byte contains a digit in the left half and
a sign indicator in the right
Sign indicator: C- Positive

D - Negative
Example: 753 - 753C

Assembler/Session 1
Objectives
Addressing Operands
• Register addressing
• Base, displacement addressing
• Base, index and displacement addressing

Assembler/Session 1
INSTRUCTION FORMATS
RR opcode R1 R2 Objectives
SI opcode I2 B1 D1
SS opcode L B1 D1 B2 D2
SS opcode L1 L2 B1 D1 B2 D2
RX opcode R1 X2 B2 D2
RS opcode R1 R3 B2 D2

Assembler/Session 1
Addressing RX Operands:
Objectives
Implicit format:
L 3,VAR
Explicit format:
L 3,100(0,12)
Register Displacement Index reg Base reg

Assembler/Session 2
Assembler
Assembler Language
Language
SESSION 2
Addressing

Assembler/Session 2
STORAGE
STORAGE DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Objectives
Two ways to define fields :
1. Define a field and initialize the data in it using

the DC assembler directive
2. Define a field without initializing using the DS

assembler directive

Assembler/Session 2
STORAGE
STORAGE DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Objectives
Format:
label {DS/DC} dtLn’value’
where :
label : Label used to name the field (optional)
d : Duplication factor (optional)
t : Type of data ( required)
Ln : The letter ‘L’ followed by the length of the field in
bytes (optional)
value : Represents the value enclosed in apostrophes

Assembler/Session 2
STORAGE
STORAGE DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Objectives
Examples:
ALPHA DC C’ABC EF’
FLDS DS 3CL2
H1 DC H’29’
F2 DC F’-10’
F1 DC X’03’
F3 DC PL4’-72’
Note : for character constants truncation or padding is to

the right and for almost all others it is to the left.

Assembler/Session 2
STORAGE
STORAGE DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Objectives
DC TYPES
Type Implied Alignment Data Representation
Length
C - None Character
X - None Hex digits
B - None Binary digits
F 4 Full word Binary
H 2 Half word Binary
E 4 Full word Floating point
D 8 Double word Floating point
L 16 Double word Floating point
P - None Packed decimal

Assembler/Session 2
STORAGE
STORAGE DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Objectives
Data Representation in other languages:
Assembler FORTRAN COBOL PASCAL BASIC
Language
DC Type
C Character Display String String
F, H Integer COMP Integer Integer
E Real COMP-1 Real Single
precision
D Double COMP-2 Real Double
Precision Precision
X, B Logical N/A Boolean Hex
P N/A COMP-3 N/A N/A

Assembler/Session 2
STORAGE DEFINITIONS
Objectives
Literals
• A literal is a constant preceded by an equals sign ‘=‘.
• Can be used as a main-storage operand but not as a
destination field of an instruction
• Causes assembler to define a field that is initialized with
the data specified
• All constants defined by literals are put by the assembler
in a literal pool, usually at the very end of the program
(Unless changed by LTORG instruction)
L R4,=F’1’

Assembler/Session 2
Objectives
Exercise 1 Q 1 and Q2.
2.What will happen in the following cases

DC CL5’123’
DC CL5’123456’
DC X’A1245’
DC XL2’A1245’
DC XL5’A1245’
DC F’19’
DC FL1’513’

Assembler/Session 2
Objectives
EQU (Assembler directive)
• The EQU statement is used to associate a

fixed value with a symbol
R4 EQU 4
DRBACK EQU OUT+25

Assembler/Session 2
ESTABLISHING
ESTABLISHING ADDRESSABILITY
ADDRESSABILITY
Objectives
• By establishing the addressability of a
coding section, you can refer to the
symbolic addresses defined in it in the
operands of machine instruction
• Assembler will convert the implicit
addresses into explicit addresses
(base - displacement form)

Assembler/Session 2
ESTABLISHING
ADDRESSABILITY
Objectives
To establish the address of a coding section :
• Specify a base address from which the
assembler can compute displacements
• Assign a base register to contain this base
address
• Write the instruction that loads the base
register with the base address
Note: The base address should remain in the base
register throughout the execution of the program
Assembler/Session 2
ESTABLISHING
ADDRESSABILITY
Objectives
Establishing Base Register
The USING and DROP assembler instructions
enable one to use expressions representing
implicit addresses as operands of machine
instruction statements, leaving the assignment of
base registers and the calculation of
displacements to the assembler
USING - Use Base Address Register

- allows one to specify a base address and assign
one or more base registers
Assembler/Session 2
ESTABLISHING
ADDRESSABILITY
Objectives
To use the USING instruction correctly, one should know :
• which locations in a coding section are made addressable
by the USING statement
• where in a source module you can use these established
addresses as implicit addresses in instruction operands
Format:
symbol USING base address,basereg1| basereg2|,..
e.g. USING BASE,9,10,11
USING *,12

Assembler/Session 2
ESTABLISHING
ADDRESSABILITY
Objectives
Range of a USING instruction:
• The range of a USING instruction is the 4096
bytes beginning at the base address specified in
the USING instruction
Domain of a USING instruction
• The domain of a USING instruction begins
where the USING instruction appears in a source
module to the end of the source module

Assembler/Session 2
ESTABLISHING
ADDRESSABILITY
Objectives
The assembler converts implicit address references into
their explicit form:
• if the address reference appears in the domain of a
USING instruction
• if the addresses referred to lie within the range of the
same USING instruction
Guideline:
• Specify all USING instructions at the beginning of the
source module
• Specify a base address in each USING instruction that lies
at the beginning of each control section
Assembler/Session 2
RELATIVE
RELATIVE ADDRESSING
ADDRESSING
Objectives
• Relative addressing is the technique of addressing
instructions and data areas by designating their location
in relation to the location counter or to some symbolic
location
ALPHA LR 3,4
CR 4,6 ALPHA+2 or
BETA-4
BCR 1,14
BETA AR 2,3
Note : Always avoid using relative addressing

Assembler/Session 3 & 4
Assembler
Assembler Language
Language
SESSION 3 & 4
Machine Instructions

HANDLING
HANDLING CHARACTER
CHARACTER DATA
DATA
Objectives
Move Character Instruction (MVC)
• Copy data from one place in memory to another
Format : MVC operand1,operand2
S1(L), S2 - implicit
D1(L,B1),D2(B2) -
explicit
e.g...
MVC INPUT(5),OUTPUT
HANDLING
HANDLING CHARACTER
CHARACTER DATA
DATA
Objectives
Move Immediate Instruction (MVI)
• Can move only one byte of constant data to a field
Format : MVI operand1,operand2
S1,I2 - implicit
D1(B1),I2 - explicit
e.g..
MVI CTL,C’B’

HANDLING
HANDLING CHARACTER
CHARACTER DATA
DATA
Objectives
Advanced Techniques
1. Explicit lengths and relative addressing
MVC PAD+6(4),=CL4’ ‘
PAD DS CL10
2. Overlapping fields and the MVC instruction

MVC FLDB,FLDA
FLDA DC C’A’
FLDB DS CL3
Limitation of MVC : Can only move 256 bytes

HANDLING
HANDLING CHARACTER
CHARACTER DATA
DATA
Objectives
Moving more than 256 characters: MVCL instruction
Uses 2 pairs of even-odd pair of registers
Format : MVCL R1,R2 (Both are even registers)
Reg R1 – Address of destination R1+1 – Length
Reg R2 - Source R2+1 – Padding character (1 st 8 bits) and Length
Eg: LA 2,Q
LA 3,2000
LA 4,P
LA 5,1500
MVCL 2,4

HANDLING
HANDLING CHARACTER
CHARACTER DATA
DATA
Objectives
Comparison Instructions
• Compares 2 values - the values are found in fields, in
registers or in immediate data
CLC - Compare logical character
e.g. CLC FLDA,FLDB
CLI - Compare logical immediate
e.g. CLI FLDA,C’K’

Objectives
Exercise 2 Q1 and Q2
2. What will be the effect of the following instructions :
MVI OUTAREA,C’ ‘
MVC
OUTAREA+1(132),OUTAREA
OUTAREA DS 133C

BINARY
BINARY INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Objectives
Three types of binary instructions
•Full word
•Half word
•Register
The Binary Move Instructions
L, LH, LR ,ST, STH
Type : R,X Register and indexed storage
e.g... L 5,FULL LR 5,7
STH 7,HALF

BINARY
BINARY INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Objectives
Note : Do not mix up the instruction types and field types
e.g.
LH 5,FULL - right half of Reg 5 gets 1st 2 bytes at FULL
L 6,HALF - Reg 6 gets 4 bytes starting from HALF
ST 3,RES - 4 bytes of reg 3 are stored starting from RES
RES DS H
HALF DC H’15’
FULL DC F’8’

BINARY
BINARY INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Objectives
Binary Addition (A, AH and AR)
• Fixed-point overflow occurs when the sum will not
fit in the receiving register
• Type R-X
e.g.
A 5,FULL
AH 6,HALF
AR 7,3

BINARY
BINARY INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Objectives
Binary Subtraction (S, SH and SR)
• Type R-X
e.g.
S 5,FULL
SH 6,HALF
SR 7,3

BINARY
BINARY INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Objectives
Binary comparisons (C, CH and CR)
e.g.
C 5,FULL
CH 6,HALF
CR 7,3
Condition code set as HIGH, LOW or EQUAL

Objectives
Binary Multiplication (M, MR, MH)
Format : M op1,op2
op1 : An even numbered register; refers to an even-odd
pair of registers
(any register in case of half word
format)
op2 : storage area (full word/half word/register)

Binary Multiplication (M, MR, MH) ...
Function : The value in OP2 is multiplied by the

value in the odd register of the even-odd pair and the result
placed in even-odd registers
(For half word format : The half word specified in OP2 is

multiplied by the value in OP1 and result stored in OP1.)

BINARY
BINARY INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Objectives
Binary Division (D, DR)
Format: D op1,op2
Type : R-X / R-R
Op1 : An even numbered register. It refers to an even-odd pair
of registers. The pair holds the double word to be
divided. The even register receives the remainder; the
odd register receives the quotient.
e.g. D 4,FULL

BC and BCR Instructions

•
Objectives
instructions that do or do not branch depending on
the value of the condition code
Format : BC M1,S2
BCR M1,R2
e.g. BC B’1001’,BRPTA
will cause a branch to the instruction named
BRPTA, if at the time the instruction is executed,
the condition code is 0 or 3.
BRANCHING
BRANCHING
Objectives
A branch causes execution to continue at some
other instruction in the program
• Branch conditions : Arithmatic B, BZ,BP,BM,
BNZ,BNP,BNM,BO,BNO
• Comparison BH, BL, BE, BNH, BNL,BNE
e.g : CLI FLDA,C’K’

BNL GOOD

CONDITION
CONDITION CODE
CODE PROCESSING
PROCESSING
• Objectives
condition code occupies 2 bits of PSW
• condition code is set by each of a number of instructions
• condition code is an extremely important intermediary
between arithmetic instructions and conditional branch
instructions
• very important in implementing control structures
CC Arithmetic Comparison
0 Zero First operand = Second operand
1 < Zero First operand < Second operand
2 >Zero First operand > second operand
3 Overflow Not set

LPR, LNR and LCR Instructions

Format:
Objectives
LPR,LNR or LCR R1,R2
LPR - Load positive register (Loads into R1 the
absolute value of R2)
LNR Load Negative register (Loads into R1 the
negative of absolute value of R2)
LCR Load complement register (Loads opposite sign
of the value in R2)
Note: R1 and R2 can be the same

BIT
BIT MANIPULATIONS
MANIPULATIONS
Objectives
Operation S-I S-S R-R R-X
OR OI OC OR O
AND NI NC NR N
Exclusive OR XI XC XR X
e.g... OI FLDA,X’0F’
NR 5,7
X 9,FULL

BIT
BIT MANIPULATIONS
MANIPULATIONS
Objectives
OR Second 0 1 AND Second 0 1
First 0 0 1 First 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1
Exclusive OR
Second 0 1
First 0 0 1
1 1 0

BIT
BIT MANIPULATIONS
MANIPULATIONS
Objectives
Testing individual bits - Test under mask (TM)
TM S1,I2
Function : The bits of S1 ( a single byte) are tested
under the control of the mask in I2 and condition
code is set as ‘all zeroes’, all ones’ or ‘mixed’
e.g. TM EMP,B’00000101’
BNM NEXT

BIT
BIT MANIPULATIONS
MANIPULATIONS
Objectives
Bit Shifting Instructions
SLL, SLDL Left logical
SRL, SRDL Right logical
(No condition code set)
SLA, SLDA Left arithmetic
SRA, SRDA Right arithmetic
(Sign bit not affected and condition code set)
e.g. SLL 5,1
SRDA 4,5
BIT
BIT MANIPULATIONS
MANIPULATIONS
Objectives
Bit Shifting Instructions
Condition code setting for arithmetic shift
instructions
0- Result is zero
1- Result is negative
2- Result is positive
3- Overflow generated
Overflow is generated when a bit other than the sign
bit is shifted out

BIT MANIPULATIONS
Translations Objectives
• To translate from one bit combination to
another
Format : TR S1(L),S2 or S1,S2
S1 : The field whose data is to be
translated
S2 : A 256-byte translation table
Function : The value of the original byte is used as a
displacement into the translation table. The byte found there
replaces the original byte.
e.g. TR WORK,XTABLE
If the source byte is x’40’ (Space), then the displacement into
the table is 64. The value
CTS-PAC in the
Version 2.0 table at displacement 64 will
64
BIT MANIPULATIONS
Translations
Objectives
1 byte - 256 possible combinations
x’00’,x’01’, x’02’, x’03’,…………..x’0F’
x’10’,x’11’,x’12’,…………………..x’1F’
…………………………………………..
x’F1’,x’F2’,x’F3’,…………………x’FF’
The table should start with replacement byte for
x’00’ and end with replacement for x’FF’

BIT MANIPULATIONS (TRT)
Objectives
Translations - TRT (Translate and test register)
-Similar to TR but the source is not changed
-Table is searched similar to TR taking the displacement
into the table
-Usually employed for editing purposes
-The characters we need to search will have non zeros
(x’00’) but other characters will be x’00’.
-Source is searched one character at a time from left to
right
-The first nonzero match in the table halts the
instruction
-Condition code is set to 1 if match found before last
byte, 2 if found at the last and 0 if not found
-Loads address of source operand if found in last 24 bits
of register 1, value from the table into last bit of register
2. No bits are changed in both the registers
BIT MANIPULATIONS (TRT continued)
Objectives
Translations - TRT (Translate and test register)
This example searches for a period X’4B’

The period 4B is decimal 75. So the X’4B’ is placed at the
76th position in the table. (Any non zero character may
be placed in the table
Table should be declared as follows:
TABLE DC 75X’00’
DC X’4B’
DC 180X’00’

Numeric
Numeric Conversions
Conversions
Objectives
1. Conversion to binary (CVB)
Format: CVB operand1,operand2
operand1 : Register
operand2 : a double word (containing
valid packed decimal number)
e.g. CVB 5,DOUBLE
Use : Character data -(PACK)->Packed decimal-(CVB)->
binary
Numeric
Numeric Conversions
Conversions
Objectives
2. Conversion from binary (CVD)
Format: CVD operand1,operand2
operand1 : Register
operand2 : a double word
e.g. CVD 5,DOUBLE
Use : Binary-(CVD)->Packed decimal-(UNPK)->
Character data

Numeric
Numeric Conversions
Conversions
Objectives
3. Conversion from Zoned decimal to packed
(PACK) (SS instruction)
Format: PACK operand1,operand2
operand1 : Packed decimal
operand2 : Zoned Decimal
e.g. PACK PACKED(3),ZONED(5)

Numeric
Numeric Conversions
Conversions
Objectives
4 Packed decimal to Zoned decimal (UNPACK)
Format: UNPACK operand1,operand2
operand1 : Zoned decimal
operand2 : Packed decimal
e.g. UNPACK ZD(5),PACKED(2)

Relation
Relation between
between CVD,CVB,PACK
CVD,CVB,PACK and
and UNPACK
UNPACK
Objectives
PACK Input
CVB
Binary in Packed Zoned
Register UNPK Output
CVD Decimal Decimal

Example
Example code
code for
for Different
Different conversions
conversions
Objectives
PACK PNUM(8),START(3)
CVB 7,PNUM
A 7,=F’1’
CVD 7,PNUM
UNPK ANS(3),PNUM(8)
…
…
START DC C’125’
ANS DS CL3
PNUM DS D

Packed
Packed decimal
decimal operations
operations
Objectives
SS format - OPCODE D1(L1,B1),D2(L2,B2)
AP - Add packed
SP - Subtract packed
ZAP - Zero and add packed
MP - Multiply packed
DP - Divide packed
CP - Compare packed
Note: All these operations ignore the decimal places. You have to track the
decimal places and edit it with ED and EDMK instructions

Packed
Packed decimal
decimal operations
operations
Objectives
Advanced instructions:
SRP - Shift and Round packed OPCODE D1(L,B1),D2(B2),I3
First operand - Memory location including length
Second operand - Direction and number of places to shift
Third operand - Whether to round or not
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Second operand, <= 32, left shift is done and 33 to 64 right shift is done.
Number for right shift = ( 64 - number of digits to be shifted)
(No rounding is involved in left shift

Packed
Packed decimal
decimal operations
operations
Objectives
Advanced instructions: (SRP continued)
NUM is a 5 byte packed decimal number and contains 001234567C.
What is the value in number after each of these instructions?
1. SRP NUM(5),2,0
2. SRP NUM(5),62,0
3. SRP NUM(5),62,5
4. SRP NUM(5),60,5

Packed
Packed decimal
decimal operations
operations
Objectives
Advanced instructions:
MVZ - Move Zone (Moves the first half of each byte)
MVN - Move numeric (Moves the second half of each byte)
MVO - Move with offset
EG: Multiply A by 100 where value of A is 123
MVC TEMP(3),A
MVN TEMP+2(1),=X’00’
MVZ TEMP+3(1),=X’00’
MVN TEMP+3(1),A+2
A DC PL3’123’
TEMP DS PL4
Editing
Editing the
the output
output for
for printing
printing
Objectives
ED and EDMK instructions ( D1(L,B1), D2(B2)) (Pattern and PD
number) …
Patterns: …
x’20’ - Digit selector
x’21’ - Significance selector
x’22’ - Field separator x’60’ - Sign indicator
Pattern and the packed decimal number processed from left 1 byte at a time
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 C (Instruction: ED P(12),X)
Fill Character
P 40 20 20 6B 20 21 20 4B 20 20 60 40 (Before execution)
P 40 40 F1 6B F2 F3 F4 4B F5 F6 40 40 (After execution)
1 , 2 3 4 .5 6 (Last 2 bytes spaces since

CTS-PAC
number is positive) Version 2.0 78
Editing
Editing the
the output
output for
for printing
printing
Objectives
Values being Action taken
examined
Pattern PD digit New pattern New state of
byte SI
When the Digit 0 Fill character Off
significant selector digit in
indicator is off 1-9 EBCIDIC On
Significanc 0 Fill character On
e starter 1-9
digit in
EBCIDIC On
Field None Fill character Off
seperator
Any other None Fill character Off
byte
When the Digit 0-9 digit in On
significant selector EBCIDIC
indicator is on Significanc 0-9 digit in On
e starter EBCIDIC
Field None Fill character Off
seperator
Any other None Pattern byte On
byte not changed

Editing
Editing the
the output
output for
for printing
printing
Objectives
-ED and EDMK can detect the difference between significant and non signi
ficant digits ie between leading and non leading zeros
- Significance starter forces all subsequent digits to be considered significant
-When significance indicator is off and detection of a significant digit turns it

on, the address of that significant digit placed in 8-31 of register 1 by EDMK
-EDMK allows a floating currency and/or algebraic sign but ED does not allow

TABLE
TABLE PROCESSING
PROCESSING
Objectives
A table is a named storage structure consisting of
subunits or entries
e.g. RATE DS 6F
L 4,RATE+8
Accessing table elements with indexed storage
operands:
e.g. LH 9,=F8’
L 5,RATE(9) (9 - index register)

Multi-purpose branching instructions
Objectives
Convenient when counted repetition structure (table processing) is
needed
• Branch on count (BCT and BCTR)

Format: BCT op1,op2 (R-X)
Function: First the op1 value is decremented by 1. Second the
branch is taken to the address specified in op2 only if the value in op1
is not 0.
e.g. LH 9,=H’12’
REPEAT EQU *
..
BCT 9,REPEAT

• Branch on index high and branch on index low or equal (BXH

and BXLE) Objectives
Format: BXLE op1,op2,op3
BXH
op1 : A register known as the index register
op2 : A even-odd pair of registers
Even register - increment register
Odd register - Limit register
op3 : A storage operand. This is the branch address.

Function : First, the value in the increment

Objectives
register is added to the indexed register. Second,
the branch is taken only when the value in the
index register is ‘lower than or equal to’ / ‘higher
than’ the value in the limit register
Useful when the same register is to be used as the

count and index register

BXLE - ‘DO UNTIL’ repetitions

Objectives
BXH- ‘DO WHILE’ repetitions
e.g... LH 7,=H’0’ index
LH 2,=H’2’ increment amount
LH 3,=H’18 the limit
---
REPEAT ...
LH 6,TABLE(7)
...
BXLE 7,2,REPEAT
Objectives
Load instructions with additional features
• Load and Test (LTR)

e.g... LTR 15,15
BNZ ERROR
• Load Address (LA)
LA R1,D2(X2,B2)

USING
USING EQUATES
EQUATES
Objectives
• To associate a fixed value with a symbol
• Useful for length and relative address calculation
e.g. TABLE DS 0H
DC C’01
DC C’02’
...
TBLEND EQU *
TBLSIZE EQU TBLEND-TABLE

USING
USINGEQUATES
EQUATES
Can be
Objectives
used for the following purposes:
1. To assign single absolute values to symbols.
2. To assign the values of previously defined
symbols or expressions to new symbols, thus
allowing you to use different mnemonics for
different purposes.
3. To compute expressions whose values are
unknown at coding time or difficult to calculate.
The value of the expressions is then assigned to a
symbol.
Assembler/Session 5
Assembler
Assembler Language
Language
SESSION 5
Program Sectioning

Assembler/Session 5
Beginning
Beginning and
and End
End of
of Source
Source Modules
Modules
Objectives
• Code a CSECT segment before any
statement that affects the location
counter
• END statement is required as the last
statement in the assembly

Assembler/Session 5
CONTROL
CONTROL SECTIONS
SECTIONS
Objectives
• A source module can be divided into
one or more control sections
• A control section is the smallest
subdivision of a program that can be
relocated as a unit

CONTROL
CONTROL SECTIONS
SECTIONS
• At coding time, establish the addressability
of each control section within the source
module, and provide any symbolic linkages
between control sections that lie in different
source modules.
• Initiated by using the START or CSECT
instruction

Assembler/Session 5
CONTROL
CONTROL SECTIONS
SECTIONS
Objectives
• Any instruction that affects the location
counter, or uses its current value,
establishes the beginning of the first
control section.

CONTROL
CONTROL SECTIONS
SECTIONS
Format of CSECT:
Name Operation Operand
Any symbol CSECT Not required
or blank
Note: The end of a control section or portion of a

control section is marked by (a) any instruction that
defines a new or continued control section, or (b) the
instruction.
END CTS-PAC Version 2.0 94
Assembler/Session 5
DUMMY
DUMMY SECTIONS
SECTIONS
Objectives
• A dummy control section is a reference
control section that allows you to describe
the layout of data in a storage area without
actually reserving any virtual storage.

DUMMY
DUMMY SECTIONS
SECTIONS
• Use the DSECT instruction to initiate a

dummy control section or to indicate its
continuation.
Format of DSECT:
Name Operation Operand
Any symbol DSECT Not required
or blank

Assembler/Session 5
DUMMY
DUMMY SECTIONS
SECTIONS
Objectives
To use a dummy section :
• Reserve a storage area for the
unformatted data
• Ensure that this data is loaded into the area
at execution time
Analogy: Cobol copybook

DUMMY
DUMMY SECTIONS
SECTIONS
• Ensure that the locations of the symbols in

the dummy section actually correspond to the
locations of the data being described
• Establish the addressability of the dummy
section in combination with the storage area
You can then refer to the unformatted data
symbolically by using the symbols defined in the
dummy section.
Assembler/Session 5
ASMBLY2 CSECT
BEGIN BALR Objectives
2,0
USING *,2
... Reg 3 points to data
area
LA 3,INPUT
USING INAREA,3
CLI INCODE,C'A'
BE ATYPE
...
ATYPE MVC WORKA,INPUTA
MVC WORKB,INPUTB
..
WORKA DS CL20
WORKB DS CL18
INPUT DS CL39
...
INAREA DSECT
INCODE DS CL1
INPUTA DS CL20
INPUTB DS CL18
...
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 5
Assembler
Assembler Directives
Directives
Objectives
TITLE : To provide headings for each page of
the assembly listing of the source modules.
EJECT : To stop the printing of the assembler
listing on the current page, and continue the
printing on the next page.
ORG : To reset the location counter
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler
Assembler Directives
Directives
LTORG : A literal pool is created

immediately after a LTORG instruction or,
if no LTORG instruction is specified, at the
end of the first control section.
PRINT : To control the amount of detail to
be printed in the listing of programs.
PRINT NOGEN / GEN
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Assembler
Assembler Language
Language
SESSION 6
Writing a complete program
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Program
Program Entry
Entry and
and Exit
Exit Logic
Logic
Objectives
Program entry - Preserve register contents
Program Exit - Restore register contents
Register save area
Always calling program provides a save area
of 18 Full words long used for storage of
registers
Save area address passed through register 13 by
IBM convention
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 6
A register save area (18 consecutive full words)

Word Address
Objectives
Contents
1 SAV
2 SAV+4 Address of calling program’s save area
3 SAV+8 Address of called program’s save area
4 SAV+12 Contents of Register 14
...
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Responsibilities of called program

Objectives
Program entry conventions
1.Save contents of registers 0-12,14 & 15 in
calling program’s save area
2.Establish base register
3.Store calling program’s save area in the 2nd
word of its own save area
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Program entry conventions (contd..)

Objectives
4. Store the address of its register save area in the
third word of the calling program’s register save
area
(The addresses in the 3d word of save area establish
a chain of register save areas. This will be useful in
reading the dump when program crashes).
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Responsibilities of called program (contd..)
Program Entry Objectives
STM R14,R12,12(R13)
BALR R12,0
USING *,R12
ST R13,SAVOWN+4 store calling programs save area
LR R14,R13
LA R13,SAVOWN Reg 13 contains current prog’s SA
...
ST R13,8(R14)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6

Objectives
Program Exit conventions
1. Restore registers 0-12 and 14
2. Place the address of the save area provided by the
calling program in Reg 13
3. Place a return code in the low order byte of
register 15 if one is required. Otherwise restore
register 15.
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6

Objectives
Program Exit
L R13,4(R13)
LM R14,R12,12(R13)
BR R14
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Responsibilities of calling program
Objectives
1. Register 13 must contain the address of a register
save area.
2. Register 15 should be set to the beginning address
of the subroutine
L R15,=V(SUBENTRY)
where SUBENTRY is the entry address (usually the CSECT
name) of the subroutine
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Responsibilities of calling program (contd...)
3. Objectives
Register 14 should have the return address
4. Register 1 should have the address of the parameter
list
A BALR instruction stores the address of the next
instruction in the calling program into register 14 and
transfers control to the called subroutine
BALR R14,R15
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Passing parameters to a subroutine
Objectives
• The standard interface requires that addresses of
parameters be placed in a block of storage, and the
address of the block be loaded into register 1 as the
subroutine is called
• Both input and output parameters are treated the same
way
e.g... ADDS DC A(T)
DC A(U)
DC A(V)
LA R1,ADDS
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 6
R1 Main storage
Objectives
Addr of parmlist Parmlist parm3
Addr of parm1
Addr of parm2 parm1
Addr of parm3 parm2
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Called subroutine B may get the second parameter

by Objectives
L R3,4(,R1)
L R8,0(,R3)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Objectives
Registers with special use
R0 : Contains single word output of a
subroutine
R1 : contains the address of an area of
main storage that contains addresses of
parameters
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Objectives
Registers with special use (contd...)
R14 : Contains the return address, the address
in the calling routine to which a subroutine
should return control when finished
R15 : contains the address of the entry point in
the subroutine
R13 : contains the address of an area in which
register contents can be stored by a subroutine
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
The subroutine RANDOM
Objectives
RANDOM STM R14,R12,12(R13)
BALR R12,0
USING *,R12
L R7,RN
M R6,=F’65541’
ST R7,RN
LR R0,R7
LM R1,R12,24(R13)
BR R14
RN DC F’8193’
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Subroutine RDIGIT
RDIGIT STM
Objectives
R14,R12,12(R13)
BALR R12,0
USING *,R12
ST R13,SAV+4
LA R13,SAV
...
L R15,RANDAD
BALR R14,R15
...
L R13,SAV+4
LM R14,R15,12(R13)
LM R1,R12,24(R13)
BR R14
SAV DS 18F
RANDAD DC A(RANDOM)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 6
Linkage
Linkage Conventions
Conventions
Objectives
•Program divided into 2 or more source
modules
•Source module divided into 2 or more control
sections
•For link-editing, a complete object module or
any individual control section of the object
module can be specified
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Communicating between program parts

Objectives
• To communicate between 2 or more source
modules, symbolically link them together
• To communicate between 2 or more control

sections within a source module, establish proper
addressability
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Establishing symbolic linkage

Objectives
• Identify external symbols in the EXTRN or WXTRN
instruction or the V-type address constant
• provide A-type or V-type address constants to reserve
storage for addresses represented by external symbols
• In the external source modules, identify these symbols
with the ENTRY instruction
(name entry of a START or CSECT instruction is
automatically identified as an entry symbol)
External symbol dictionary
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Establishing symbolic linkage (contd...)
e.g. Objectives
program A
EXTRN TABLEB
WXTRN TABLEB
TABADR DS V(TABLEB)
program B
ENTRY TABLEB
TABLEB DS ...
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 6
Address Constants (A and V)

Objectives
• An address constant is a main storage address contained
in a constant
• A V-type constant is the value of an external symbol - a
relocatable symbol that is external to the current control
section.
Used for branching to locations in other control sections
e.g L 5,ADCON
ADCON DC A(SOMWHERE)
GSUBADDC V(READATA)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 7
Assembler
Assembler Language
Language
SESSION 7
Assemble and Link Program
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 7
Processing of Instructions
Time/ M/C Objectives
Assembler ENTRY Macro
Activity instructions. EXTRN Instr.
Code source m/c DC,DS
instruc.
Preassembly Refer to macro
instruc.
Assembly object code
LKED
Prog fetch
Execution data area form data
area in load mod
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 7
JCL ‘ parm’ processing

Objectives
EXEC PGM=pgmname,PARM=
When program gets control :
•Register 1 contains the address of a full word
on a full word boundary in program’s address
space
•the high order bit of this full word is set to 1
(this convention is to indicate the last word in
a variable length parameter list)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
JCL ‘ parm’ processing ...
• Bits 1-31 of the full word contain the

address of a 2-byte length field on a half
word boundary
• The length field contains a binary count
of the no. of bytes in the PARM field
which immediately follows the length
field
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 7
COBOL to Assembler
CALL
Objectives
asmpgm USING COMM-AREA
PL/I to Assembler
DCL ASMSUB ENTRY OPTIONS(ASSEMBLER)
CHARSTRING CHAR(25);
CALL ASMSUB(CHARSTRING);
Ref : PL/I Programming Guide, COBOL
programming Guide
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Assembler
Assembler Language
Language
SESSION 8
Macro Language
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Macros Objectives
• Short source routines written and
stored in libraries
•Assembler inserts the source
statements in the program where
the macro appears
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Macro Definition
Format :
•A header statement
•A prototype
•Model statements
•A trailer statement
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Header statement:
Objectives
MACRO
Prototype:
&name MOVE &TO,&FROM,&LENGTH
Model statements:
A set of machine and assembler instructions
Trailer statement:
&name MEND
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 8
Macro Instruction:
Objectives
• A statement containing the name of a
macro
• when expanded, the symbolic parameters in
the model statements are replaced by
corresponding parameters from the macro
instructions
• symbolic parameters may be positional or
keyword
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Macro Instruction ...
MACRO
&LABEL HALFSWAP &REG,&SV
&LABEL ST &REG,&SV
SLL &REG,8
IC &REG,&SV
SLL &REG,8
IC &REG,&SV+1
MEND
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
SET Symbols (global or local)

3 types :
Objectives
• arithmetic (SETA)
• binary (SETB)
• character (SETC)
• SET symbols are declared using,
LCLA LCLB LCLC
GCLA GCLB GCLC
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Format:
Label Objectives
operation operands
symbol-name SETA An expression
SETB
SETC
e.g.
LCLA &A1
GCLA &A2
&A1 SETA 1
&A2 SETA &A1+3
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Attributes
Objectives
There are 6 attributes of a symbol or
symbolic parameter :
type, length, scaling, integer, count and
number
System variable symbols
&SYSINDX, &SYSDATE, &SYSTIME, &SYSECT,
&SYSPARM, &SYSLOC
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Conditional Assembly
Objectives
The assembler can be made to branch and loop
among assembler language statements using
sequence symbols and the assembler
instructions AIF and AGO
Sequence symbol : Period followed by 1 to 7

alphabets or digits of which the first is a letter
e.g. .Z23Ab
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 8
Format:
Objectives
Label Operation Operand
seq symbol AGO seq. symbol
or blank
-do- AIF A logical expression
enclosed in parenthesis,
followed by seq symbol
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

A logical expression is composed of one or
more relations or values of SETB symbols
connected by logical connects AND, OR, AND
NOT, OR NOT
A relation consists of 2 arithmetic expressions
or 2 character expressions connected by a
relational operator EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GE
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
e.g.
MACRO Objectives
PSRCH &PARAMS,&STRING
GBLB &FOUND
LCLA &I
&FOUND SETB 0
.LP AIF ((&I GE N’&PARAMS) OR &FOUND) .E
&I SETA &I+1
&FOUND SETB (‘&PARAMS(&I)’ EQ ‘&STRING’)
AGO .LP
.E MEND
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 8
Accessing QSAM files:
Objectives
Keywords in DCB parameter:
DSORG PS Physical sequential
RECFM F,FA,FB,FBA,V,VBA
BLKSIZE Block length
LRECL Record Length
DDNAME Dataset name in JCL
MACRF Macro GM - Get Move GL - Get Locate
PM - Put Move PL - Put locate
Move parameter directly puts the record in the storage area

specified while Locate mode Loads the address of the record in
Register 1
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 8
Accessing VSAM files: ACB macro
AM - VSAMObjectives
(For documentation)
BUFND - No. of I/O buffers for data control intervals
BUFNI - No. of I/O buffers for index control intervals
BUFSP - Size of an area for data and Index I/O buffers
DDNAME - Filename used in the DD statement. If omitted
refers to the ACB macro name
EXLST - Address to the EXLST macro. Generates a list of
addresses for user routines
MACRF - Types of processing the file will do
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Accessing VSAM files: ACB macro (Continued)
EXLST options: Objectives
AM - VSAM
EODAD = (Address, A/N, L) (Load module)
EXCPAD = (Address, A/N, L) (Load module)
JRNAD = (Address, A/N, L) (Load module)
LERAD = (Address, A/N, L) (Load module)
SYNAD = (Address, A/N, L) (Load module)
Active/No, Stored in load module
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Accessing VSAM files: RPL macro (Request parameter list)
ACB - Address Objectives
of the ACB macro
AREA - Address of the work area to be used
AREALEN - Length of the work area (Should be large enough
to hold largest record in Move mode and at least 4 bytes in the Locate mode )
RECLEN -Length of the records in the file (For VB you have

to put the length before writing using MODCB)
ARG - Label containing the key for the search (Key for
KSDS, RRN for RRDS and RBA for ESDS)
OPTCD - 5 sets of groups of parameters
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Accessing VSAM files: RPL macro (Continued)
Objectives
Options for OPTCD:
KEY/CNV/ADR - Access by key,Control interval or
Relative byte address
SEQ/DIR/SKP - Sequential processing,Direct, Skip
sequential
FWD/BWD - Forward sequential processing,Backward
ARD/LRD -Start seq.processing with ARG specified/
Backward processing from the last record
NUP/NSP/UPD - No updating(Next rec not ready),No
updating Next rec ready(DA only), Record updating)
MVE/LOC - Move mode/ Locate mode
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Accessing VSAM files:
OPEN - Open theObjectives
file
CLOSE - Close the file
GET - Read a record
PUT - Store a record
ERASE - Delete a record
POINT - Position for access
Advanced macros: SHOWCB, TESTCB, MODCB
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 9
Assembler
Assembler Language
Language
SESSION 9
Other Topics
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Objectives
Characteristics of good assembler program
• has simple, easy to understand logic
• uses mostly simple instructions
• has no relative addressing
• uses subroutines
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Characteristics of good assembler program ...
• uses DSECTs
• has efficient code (LA R10, 4(0,R10 - A R10,=F’4)
• does not abnormally terminate due to user error
• requests and check feedback from macro instructions
• provides meaningful error messages
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Characteristics of good assembler program

(contd..)
Objectives
• lets the assembler determine lengths
• has opcodes, operand and comments aligned
• contains meaningful comments
• uses meaningful labels
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 8
Structured Programming
Objectives
• To improve design and understandability of a
program
• made up of building blocks of subroutines
Conventions for general purpose registers

• Base registers
• Link registers
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 9
The EXecute Instruction

Objectives
• the EX instruction is a R-X type instruction that
directs the execution of an instruction called the
subject instruction, which is addressed by the second
operand
• the subject instruction is in effect a one-instruction
subroutine
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

The EXecute Instruction (contd...)
•The subject instruction is modified before execution

(though not altered at its main storage location) :
bits 8-15 of the instruction ORed with bits 24-31 of
register R1 to form the second byte of the instruction
actually executed
e.g. Let reg 9 have the length of string to be moved
EX R9,VARMVC
VARMVC MVC A(0),B
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 9
DEBUGGING
DEBUGGING
Objectives
Exceptions and Interrupts
Interrupts that result directly from attempts at invalid
program execution are called program-check
interrupts; identified by a code
Interruption code 1 : Operation
Interruption code 2 : Privileged operation
Interruption code 4 : Protection
Interruption code 5 :Addressing
Interruption
CTS-PAC
code 6 :Specification
Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 9
DEBUGGING
Objectives
Exceptions and Interrupts (contd..)
Interruption code 7 : Data
Interruption code 8 : Fixed-Point Overflow
Interruption code 9 : Fixed-Point Divide
Other Interruption codes ( 3, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 9
DEBUGGING
DEBUGGING
Objectives
Reading dumps
• whenever a program abends an indicative
dump is generated
• The completion code is a code furnished by
the O/S to designate the reason for the
termination of the job step
• In case of program check interruption, the
first 2 digits of the completion code is 0C
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
DEBUGGING
DEBUGGING
Reading dumps ...
• Locate the entry point of your program
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 9
DEBUGGING
DEBUGGING
Objectives
Reading dumps (contd...)
• The register contents are the contents at the
point of interruption (the instruction that
caused the interrupt is usually the one just
before the interrupt address given)
• use address at interrupt and entry address to
locate the instruction that caused the program-
check interruption
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 9
DEBUGGING
DEBUGGING
Objectives
Full and Partial dumps
• //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=A
• SNAP macro
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

DEBUGGING
DEBUGGING
Reading the dump
• SAVE AREA trace
• P/P Storage
• Examine register contents, PSW and listed entry
point to find the portion of program being executed
• Look at main storage dump to determine the data
being used
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 9
SYSTEM
SYSTEM MACROS
MACROS
Objectives
Data Management Macros
DCB - Construct a data control block
OPEN - Logically connect a dataset
CLOSE - Logically disconnect a dataset
GET - Obtain next logical record (queued access)
PUT - Write next logical record (queued access)
READ - Read a block (basic access)
WRITE - Write a block (basic access)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 9
SYSTEM
SYSTEM MACROS
MACROS
Objectives
Supervisor Services Macros
ABEND - Abnormally terminate a task
CALL - Pass control to a control section
GETMAIN - Allocate virtual storage
FREEMAIN - Free virtual storage
LOAD - Bring a load module into virtual storage
RETURN - return control to the calling program
SAVE - Save register contents
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 9
SYSTEM
SYSTEM MACROS
MACROS
Objectives
Supervisor Services Macros (contd)
SNAP - Dump virtual storage and continue
LINK - Pass control to a Program in
Another load module
WTO - Write to operator
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

Assembler/Session 9
SYSTEM
SYSTEM MACROS
MACROS
e.g. File I/O Objectives
OPEN (INFILE,INPUT)
GET INFILE,RECAREA
PUT OUTFILE,RECAREA
CLOSE (INFILE)
INFILE DCB
DSORG=PS,MACRF=GM,DDNAME=IFILE
OUTFILE DCB
DSORG=PS,MACRF=PM,DDNAME=OFILE
(RECFM=,LRECL=,BLKSIZE=,)
CTS-PAC Version 2.0
Assembler/Session 9
SYSTEM
SYSTEM MACROS
MACROS
Three forms : Objectives
Standard form : Results in instructions that store
into an inline parameter list and pass control to
the required program
List form : Provides as out-of-line parameter list
Execute form : Provides the executable instructions
required to modify the out-of-line parameter list
and pass control to the required program
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

k yo u
Than
CTS-PAC Version 2.0

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Assembler/Session 1

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 1

• Familiarize with IBM 370 Assembly Language

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 2

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 3

SESSION 5 Assembler Directives

SESSION 6 Writing a complete program

SESSION 7 Assemble and link program

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 4

SESSION 8 Macro Language

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 5

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 6

• An assembler language is a symbolic form of

Rules for choosing labels:

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 8

Col1 Col10 Col.16

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 9

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 10

Note : Fields separated by one or more

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 11

2. Assembler Instructions (Directives)

CTS-PAC Version 2.0 12

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Zone digit Zone Code

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Sign indicator: C- Positive

Example: 753 - 753C

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Register Displacement Index reg Base reg

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1. Define a field and initialize the data in it using

2. Define a field without initializing using the DS

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Note : for character constants truncation or padding is to

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2.What will happen in the following cases

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• The EQU statement is used to associate a

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USING - Use Base Address Register

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Note : Always avoid using relative addressing

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2. Overlapping fields and the MVC instruction

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