CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Aerospace Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering (Aerospace Engineering)

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 AST-351
Academic Session : 2022-23 (Even)
Semester : VI

Mr. Rohit Kumar Prasad

Assistant Professor
Department of Aerospace Department,
Chandigarh University
Rohit.e13568@cumail.in
 Lect-22-B
Syllabus

INTERPLANETARY TRAJECTORIES & BALLISTIC Contact

UNIT-3 MISSILE TRAJECTORIES Hours: 15

Two-dimensional interplanetary trajectories – fast interplanetary trajectories –

Interplaneta
three dimensional interplanetary trajectories – launch of interplanetary
ry
spacecraft – trajectory estimation about the target planet – concept of sphere of
Trajectories
influence – Lambert’s theorem.
Introduction to ballistic missile trajectories – boost phase – the ballistic phase –
Ballistic trajectory geometry – optimal flights – time of flight – re-entry phase – the
Missile position of impact point -influence coefficients.
Trajectories

3
 Lect-22-B
TOPICS COVERED

Introduction to ballistic missile trajectories – boost phase – the ballistic

Ballistic Missile phase – trajectory geometry – optimal flights – time of flight – re-entry
Trajectories phase – the position of impact point -influence coefficients.

4
 The ballistic phase
• To determine the ballistic or free-fall trajectory, we will assume that the Earth is spherical and has a central inverse-
square force field. Effects of the asphericity of the Earth will be discussed later. We further assume that the only
force acting during the ballistic phase is the gravita­tional force of the Earth, neglecting attractions of Sun and Moon
and aerodynamic forces.

• As the motion is assumed to take place in a central inverse-square force field, the trajectory will be a Keplerian
trajectory, i.e. it will lie in a single plane determined by declination, right ascension and azimuth at injection and it
will be a conic section.

• The orientation of the trajectory plane

• The orientation of the trajectory plane is usually defined by two angles (Fig. 3), the right ascension of the ascending
node, , and the inclination, i.
 The ballistic phase
• In this section, we will derive expressions for and i as a function of i, i and i. As the unit vectors along velocity and
radius vector at injection, evi and eri., make an angle (90°— i), the unit vector in the direction of the angular
momentum is

• Resolving evi, in outward radial direction and in two horizontal directions, one due north and one due east, we may
write

• where eNi and eEi are given in Eqs. (1-12). As eEi, eNi, and eri form an orthogonal triad, substitution of Eq. (2-2)
into Eq. (2-1) yields

• Substitution of Eqs. (1-12) into Eq. (2-3) leads to

 The ballistic phase
• As the inclination is defined as the angle between eH and ez (Section 16.5), we find

• Fig. 3 The orientation of the trajectory plane

 The ballistic phase
• The unit vector from the center of the Earth to the ascending node, eAN, lies both in the orbital plane and in the
equatorial plane and therefore is normal to eH and ez. As the angle between et, and ez is i, we have

• Substituting of eq (2.4) into eq (2.6) yields.

• As is the angle between eAN and ex, we find,

 The ballistic phase
• These equations, together with Eq. (2-5), uniquely determine the right ascension of the ascending node. Somewhat
simpler expressions for ft can be obtained by multiplying Eq. (2-8a) by cos i and sin i respectively and adding the
results, and by multiplying Eq. (2-8b) by sin i and cos i respectively and subtracting. be results. This leads to the
following expres­sions:
 a. Text Books
1. Space Flight Dynamics; Wiesel, William E; McGraw-Hill; 3E.
2. Orbital Mechanics For Engineering Students - H. Curtis (B-H, 2005) BBS
3. Cornelisse, J.W., “Rocket Propulsion and Space Dynamics”, J.W. Freeman & Co.,Ltd, London, 1982
4. Martin J. L. Turner; “Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion”, Springer, 2E, 2006.

a. Reference Books:
1. Atmospheric and Space Flight Dynamics, Ashish Tiwari; 2007 Birkhauser Boston
2. Parker, E.R., “Materials for Missiles and Spacecraft”, Mc.Graw Hill Book Co. Inc., 1982.
3. Sutton, G.P., “Rocket Propulsion Elements”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 5th Edition,
1993.
Video Lecture Link:
https://youtu.be/ff1KzXvfMmo

Important Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_flight_phases

https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~bhat/ae457_lectures.html

https://web.stanford.edu/~cantwell/AA284A_Course_Material/Karabeyoglu%20AA%20284A%20Lectures/AA284a_Lecture7.pdf