CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Aerospace Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering (Aerospace Engineering)

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 AST-351
Academic Session : 2022-23 (Even)
Semester : VI

Mr. Rohit Kumar Prasad

Assistant Professor
Department of Aerospace Department,
Chandigarh University
Rohit.e13568@cumail.in
 Lect-22-B
Syllabus

INTERPLANETARY TRAJECTORIES & BALLISTIC Contact

UNIT-3 MISSILE TRAJECTORIES Hours: 15

Two-dimensional interplanetary trajectories – fast interplanetary trajectories –

Interplaneta
three dimensional interplanetary trajectories – launch of interplanetary
ry
spacecraft – trajectory estimation about the target planet – concept of sphere of
Trajectories
influence – Lambert’s theorem.
Introduction to ballistic missile trajectories – boost phase – the ballistic phase –
Ballistic trajectory geometry – optimal flights – time of flight – re-entry phase – the
Missile position of impact point -influence coefficients.
Trajectories

3
 Lect-22-B
TOPICS COVERED

Introduction to ballistic missile trajectories – boost phase – the ballistic

Ballistic Missile phase – trajectory geometry – optimal flights – time of flight – re-entry
Trajectories phase – the position of impact point -influence coefficients.

4
 Time of flight
• To determine the time of flight of the ballistic phase we could use Eq. (3-11), i.e. Kepler's equation. This, however,
would force us to determine the eccentric anomalies at injection and re-entry. For our purpose there is a more
convenient expression for the time of flight along a conic arc between two points, known as Lambert's equation or
Lambert's theorem. This theorem, originally discovered by Lambert and subsequently proved analyti ­cally by
Lagrange, states that the time to traverse a Keplerian arc depends only upon the semi-major axis, the sum of the
distances from the initial and final point of the arc to the center of force, and the length of the chord joining initial
and final point. Lambert's equation also plays an important role in the analysis of interplanetary trajectories which
will be discussed in Chapter 19. We will derive Lambert's equations for elliptic motion only.

• Lambert's equation. Let P1 be the initial point and P2 be the final point of an elliptic arc and suppose that the radius
vector and eccentric anomaly of P1 and P2 are r1 and E1, and r2 and E2 respectively. Then, according to Eqs. (3-9)
to (3-11), the time of flight from P1 to P2 along the elliptic arc is given by

• Or
 Time of flight

Fig. 10: Determination of four different cases for Lambert's

equation for elliptical motion.
 Time of flight
• For parabolic and hyperbolic motion similar equations may be derived. For this is referred to Plummer or Battin.

• In general, for a ballistic missile the range angle is less than 180°. According to Fig. 7, Eq. (2-58a) has to be used for
low trajectories, while Eq. (2-58b) has to be used for high trajectories.

• For optimal trajectories: a = an. and according to Eqs. (2-56), a = and p = 2 arcsin V—K and substitution of these
values of a and p into Eq. (2-58a), or equivalently into Eq. (2-58b), yields the flight time along an optimal trajectory

• Using Eqs. (2-56), (2-58) and (2-59) we can now derive expres­sions for the time of flight from injection to re-entry
as a function of range angle, injection radius and velocity, and re-entry radius. The chord, c, may be determined with
Eq. (2-29) as a function of re and I; the semi-major axis, a, is, according to Eq. (2-23a), a function of ri and k, only.
Therefore, a and p are functions of r„ re, /, and k, only and this holds for the time of flight too.
 Time of flight
• The time-of-flight expressions take a relatively simple form if injection altitude equals the re-entry altitude, which
we will assume in the following. In that case

• Now let us first consider optimal trajectories. Substitution of Eqs. (2-60) into Eq. (2-59) yields the time of flight
along a minimum velocity trajectory as a function of angular range only
 Time of flight
• Using Eqs. (2-36), relating range, velocity ratio and flight path angle, we can express the time of flight in injection
velocity or in injection flight path angle:
 Time of flight
• Using Eqs. (2-36), relating range, velocity ratio and flight path angle, we can express the time of flight in injection
velocity or in injection flight path angle:
 Time of flight
• For non-optimal trajectories, the flight time directly follows from Eqs. (2-56) and (2-58) and the expressions for a, a
and K as given by Eqs. (2-23a) and (2-60) respectively
 Time of flight
• Then for low trajectories:

• and for high trajectories:

• In Fig. 11 these flight times, as well as the flight time along an optimal trajectory, are depicted as a function of k, and
£. For this figure, the injection altitude, and consequently the re-entry altitude, were taken zero (ri= R0), which
corresponds to a ballistic trajectory from one point on the surface of the Earth to another point on the Earth's
spherical surface, starting with an impulsive shot.
 a. Text Books
1. Space Flight Dynamics; Wiesel, William E; McGraw-Hill; 3E.
2. Orbital Mechanics For Engineering Students - H. Curtis (B-H, 2005) BBS
3. Cornelisse, J.W., “Rocket Propulsion and Space Dynamics”, J.W. Freeman & Co.,Ltd, London, 1982
4. Martin J. L. Turner; “Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion”, Springer, 2E, 2006.

a. Reference Books:
1. Atmospheric and Space Flight Dynamics, Ashish Tiwari; 2007 Birkhauser Boston
2. Parker, E.R., “Materials for Missiles and Spacecraft”, Mc.Graw Hill Book Co. Inc., 1982.
3. Sutton, G.P., “Rocket Propulsion Elements”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 5th Edition,
1993.
Video Lecture Link:
https://youtu.be/s5HBwmeDC1g?list=PLTyTa-eqNYgquAvipe0myt8uCEs2mrRTL

Important Link:
https://web.stanford.edu/~cantwell/AA284A_Course_Material/Karabeyoglu%20AA%20284A%20Lectures/AA284a_Lecture7.pdf