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Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Applications of Vectors 3
ii- Vector Calculus

iii- Application of Vector Calculus

FORCE, TORQUE, VELOCITY 4-

Applications of Vector Geometry 5-6
I1 - MILITARY USAGE

i2. PROJECTILE

i3. VECTOR IN GAMING

i4. ROLLER COASTER

i5. WHEN PLAYING CRICKET

i6. BOAT CROSSING A RIVER

i7. CROSSWIND

References 6

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Vector Geometry
Introduction

A vector is a quantity having both a magnitude and a direction. Examples of

vector quantities are velocity, force
and position. One can represent a vector in n-dimensional space with an arrow
whose initial point is at the origin,
(Figure 2.1). The magnitude is the length of the vector. Typographically,
variables representing vectors are often
written in capital letters, bold face or with a vector over-line, A, a,~a. The
magnitude of a vector is denoted |a|.
A scalar has only a magnitude. Examples of scalar quantities are mass, time and
speed.
Vector Algebra. Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and
direction. The negative of a vector,
denoted −a, is a vector of the same magnitude as a but in the opposite direction.
We add two vectors a and b by
placing the tail of b at the head of a and defining a + b to be the vector with tail
at the origin and head at the head
of b. (See Figure 2.2.)
The difference, a − b, is defined as the sum of a and the negative of b, a + (−b).
The result of multiplying a by
a scalar _ is a vector of magnitude |_| |a| with the same/opposite direction if _ is
positive/negative.

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Applications of Vectors:-
Vectors can be used by air-traffic controllers when tracking planes, by
meteorologists when describing wind conditions, and by computer
programmers when they are designing virtual worlds. In this section, we will
present three applications of vectors that are commonly used in the study
of physics: work, torque, and magnetic force.

ii-Vector Calculus:-

Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is concerned with differentiation and

integration of vector fields, primarily in dimensional Euclidean space
represented by R
Vector calculus plays an important role in differential geometry and in the
study of partial differential equations. Vector calculus also deals with two
integrals known as the line integrals and the surface integrals.
Divergence and curl are two important operations on a vector field. They
are important to the field of calculus for several reasons, including the use
of curl and divergence to develop some higher-dimensional versions of
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. In addition, curl and divergence
appear in mathematical delsriptions of fluid mechanics,
electromagnetism, and elasticity theory, which are important concepts in
physics and engineering

iii - Application of Vector Calculus:-

It is used extensively in physics and engineering, especially in the

description of electromagnetic fields. gravitational fields, and fluid flow.

Vector Calculus is used in

• Geodesics on a Surface

• Electric Field from Distributed Charge

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o Plotting a Slice of a Vector Field

To find the rate of change of the mass of a fluid flows.

 FORCE, TORQUE, VELOCITY:-

Vector is a necessity for the calculation of any vectorial unit. For instance,
the mass of the tyre of a car that is travelling In addition to this, it possesses
an initial velocity, a final velocity, and acceleration, a gravitational reaction,
the forces of friction, and due to its spin, it possesses torque. A vector is
required in order for us to obtain the outcome.

 Applications of Vector Geometry:-

I1 - MILITARY USAGE 

Any piece of artillery that fires a projectile by employing gun power or any
other type of typically explosive-based propellant is considered to be a cannon.
The calibre, range, mobility, rate of fire, and angle of fire of cannons all differ
from one another. Depending on the role that each type of cannon is supposed
to play on the battlefield, different types of cannon mix and balance these
characteristics to differing degrees. It is required to make use of this vector.
Vectors decide where the projectile will head and hit on the ground. 

 i2. PROJECTILE 

The baseball vector is utilized automatically by players in sports like basketball

and baseball. In the end, students either shot the target or threw the ball in a
direction at an angle, both of which were accomplished by using their
understanding of vectors. In fact, in games like Javelin throw, it is necessary to
judge the angle that the projectile vector makes with the ground so that the
javelin can travel as far as possible. 

 i3. VECTOR IN GAMING

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Vectors are utilized in the storage of locations, directions, and velocities in
video games. The position vector tells us how far away the object is, the
velocity vector tells us how long time it will take or how much force we need to
apply, and the direction vector tells us how we should apply that force.

 i4. ROLLER COASTER 

The majority of the motion that occurs during a roller coaster ride is a reaction
to the gravitational pull that the earth exerts. When a train hits a high point and
subsequently rides downhill, it will have gained sufficient speed to be affected
by gravitational attraction. At this rate, it will reach the top of the next hill. This
process repeats again until all of the train’s energy has been dissipated due to
friction. However, the train would be able to continue operating so long as there
was no point on the track that was higher than the initial peak. It is essential to
the construction of the safety system that vectors of forces, acceleration, and
velocity be considered. This employs the use of vectors in designing the roller
coaster ride

 i5. WHEN PLAYING CRICKET

 If a batsman in cricket hits a lob shot, there are three possible outcomes: catch
out, drop before the fielder, or maximum score. When the batsman hits the ball,
the angle at which he shoots and the amount of velocity with which he hits the
ball are both important factors in determining whether or not the ball goes over
the boundary. If both of these factors meet the requirements for maximum force,
the ball goes over the boundary. Because of the ball, everything revolves around
the vector.

 i6. BOAT CROSSING A RIVER

When a boat travels over a river, the speed of the boat and the speed of the river
both contribute to the total speed of the boat. When the current speed of the
river changes, so does the course that the boat takes. Therefore, the boatman
must determine an angle for crossing the river in order to access the shore of the
river in a direct manner. Vector plays an important role here.

 i7. CROSSWIND 

The concept of a crosswind is one that is familiar to us. A wind that blows in a
direction that is perpendicular to the path that one is travelling is referred to as a
crosswind. When a plane finally touches down, it will at times experience

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challenges due to the crosswind. With the use of a vector, a pilot is able to
determine the resultant velocity as well as the direction.

References :-

1-John Bird - Higher Engineering Mathematics

2-Engineering Mathematics, 40th edition-B S Grewal.

3-Engineering Mathematics-Jain Iyenger.

4-Engineering Matematics-NP Bali

5- https://unacademy.com

6- http://www.math.toronto.edu

8-https://www.geeksforgeeks.org