REASONING

Deductive
vs
Inductive
 Objectives:

Uses deductive or inductive reasoning in an

argument. M8GE-IIh-1
- differentiate deductive and inductive reasoning
- apply deductive and inductive reasoning in given situations
- appreciate the value of deductive and inductive reasoning
 Writes a proof (both direct and indirect). M8GE-IIi-j-
 REASONING
Reasoning is a very important skill in mathematics.
Reasoning - the drawing of inferences or conclusions
from known or assumed facts.
Two types of Reasoning
1. Deductive Reasoning
2. Inductive Reasoning
 DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• Is the process of showing that certain statements
follow logically from agreed upon
assumption and proven facts.
• You must be able to justify any statement that you
make.
• You try to reason in an orderly way to convince
yourself or someone else that your conclusion is
valid.
 Deductive Reasoning
• Starts with a general rule (a premise) which we know
to be true.
• Then, from that rule, we make a true conclusion
about something specific.
• When you reason deductively, you can say
“therefore” with certainty. If your facts were firm to
begin with, then your conclusions will also be firm.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
 A deductive argument
• it is impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion
false.
• It is supposed to be a definitive proof of the truth of the claim
(conclusion).
Premise -> All men are mortal.
Premise -> Socrates was a man.
Conclusion -> Socrates was mortal.

If the premises are true (and they are), then it simply isn't possible for the
conclusion to be false. If you have a deductive argument and you accept the
truth of the premises, then you must also accept the truth of the conclusion.
A deductive argument
Deductive Reasoning
Example:

Charles owns only blue pants and brown pants.

Charles is wearing a pair of pants today.
So Charles is wearing either blue or brown pants
today.
Deductive Reasoning
Example:

All birds have wings.

An ostrich is a bird.
Deductively, we can conclude that
an ostrich has wings.
Deductive Reasoning
Example:

All quadrilaterals are four-sided polygons.

Trapezoid is a quadrilateral.
Deductively, we can conclude that a trapezoid is a
four-sided polygon.
 INDUCTIVE REASONING
• Is the process of gathering specific information, usually
through observation and measurement and then making
a conjecture based on gathered information.
• reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader
generalization that's considered probable while still remaining
open to the fact that the conclusion may not be 100%
guaranteed.
Conjecture - is a conclusion made from observing a set of
data.
 Inductive Reasoning
• The process of going from observations to conclusions.
• This type of conclusion is sometimes called an
inference.
• Observing that something is true many times, then
concluding that it will be true in all instances.
• Using the data to make a prediction.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
An Inductive Argument
• the premises are supposed to support the conclusion.
• If the premises are true, it is unlikely that the
conclusion is false.
The conclusion probably follows from the premises.
Premise -> Socrates was Greek.
Premise -> Most Greeks eat fish.
Conclusion -> Socrates ate fish.
Even if both premises are true, it is still possible for the conclusion to be false (maybe Socrates was allergic to fish).

Words which tend to mark an argument as inductive include probably,

likely, possibly and reasonably.
A Inductive Argument
 Inductive Reasoning
Example:

February has been cold here in Philippines.

Today is February 19, so it is going to be
another cold day in Philippines.
 Inductive Reasoning
Example:

My mathematics teacher is good in solving puzzles.

My previous mathematics teacher is good in solving
puzzles.
Kuya’s mathematics teacher is also good in solving puzzles.
What can you say about mathematics teachers?
 Inductive Reasoning
Example:
Find the sum of the consecutive odd numbers.
1=1
1+3 = 4
1+3+5 = 9
1+3+5+7 = 16
1+3+5+7+9 = 25
1+3+5+…+ (2n-1) = n2
Observe that the sum is the square of the number of odd numbers
being added.
1=1 = 12
1+3 = 4 = 22
1+3+5 = 9 = 32
1+3+5+7 = 16 = 42
1+3+5+7+9 = 25 = 52
1+3+5+…+ (2n-1) = n2 = n2

From the pattern observed, we can make this conjecture: The sum
of the first n odd numbers is n2.
 Lesson Proper

Properties of Equality and Congruence

Formal Proof
Objectives:

• develop additional knowledge further from known facts and accepted

statements.
• Apply deductive reasoning
• Use proofs to verify whether the newly formed statements is valid
and applicable to all possible cases.
• Study direct and indirect proofs
Properties of Equality
and Congruence
In writing proofs, the properties of equality and congruence
are used as bases for reasoning.
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY

Addition Property of Equality (APE)

if a = b and c = d, then a + c = b + d
Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE)
if a = b and c = d, then a - c = b - d
Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)
if a = b and c = d, then a c = bd
Division Property of Equality (DPE)
if a = b and c = d, then a/c = b/d
 PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Substitution Property of Equality
if a = b, then “a” maybe replaced with ”b” at any time.
Distributive Property of Equality
a (b+c) = ab + ac
Reflexive Property of Equality
if a = a (anything equal to itself)
Symmetric Property of Equality
if a = b, then b =a
Transitive Property of Equality
if a = b, b =c, then a = c
 PROPERTIES OF CONGRUENCE

Reflexive Property of Equality

AB ≅ AB (an angle or segment congruent to itself)
Symmetric Property of Equality
if ∠A ≅ ∠B, then ∠B ≅ ∠A
Transitive Property of Equality
if ∠A ≅ ∠B, then ∠B ≅ ∠C, then ∠A ≅ ∠C
Recall the information from the previous section
such as “If-then” statements, the conclusion and
hypothesis, deductive reasoning.
 Reflexive Property

Equality
AB=AB
m∠A = m∠A
Congruence
AB ≅ AB
∠A ≅ ∠A
Look at it as though you are looking at yourself in the mirror. Picture
the mirror as the equal sign. You are on one side but you are also on
the other
 Symmetric Property

Equality
If AB=CD, then CD= AB
If m∠A=m∠B, then m∠B=m∠A
Congruence
If AB ≅ CD, then CD ≅AB
If ∠A ≅ ∠B, then ∠B ≅ ∠A
Flip –Flop. If I say that Matt is as tall as George. Can I say that George is
as tall as Matt?
 Transitive Property
Equality
If AB = CD and CD = EF, then AB = EF
If m∠A = m∠B and m∠B=M∠C, then m∠A= m∠C
Congruence
If AB ≅ CD and CD ≅ EF, then AB ≅EF
If ∠A≅∠B and ∠B ≅ ∠C, then ∠A≅∠C

Bring them up to the front. 3 people that are around the same height. If I say that
Matt is as tall as George and Matt is as tall as Ray. Can I say that George is as tall
as Ray?
 Equality vs. Congruence
What is the difference?

Equality always deals with numbers

Congruence always deals with the actual angles or segments

 Easy Way to Remember..

Remember: RST --- 123

Reflexive comparing 1 component

Symmetric comparing 2 components

Transitive comparing 3 components

 FORMAL PROOF
Direct and Indirect Proof
 What is Proof?
• A proof is a logical argument in which each statement is
supported/justified by given information, definitions, axioms,
postulate.
• A proof maybe in different ways. The most popular are the
paragraph form and two column proof, logically statements
are written on the left side and its corresponding responding
reasons are on the right side, Its often uses symbols of
different relationships.
 What is Proof?
• In a paragraph proof the logical statements are presented
using complete sentence supported by a reasons. In both
methods, deductive reasoning approach is used.

• The proofs begin with given information and ends with a

proof statement.
• Suppose you are given premise p and you want to prove that
conclusion q is true.
• The direct proof would assume that p is true, then use, in the
context of geometry, properties, postulates and definitions,
and theorems to show that q is true.
DIRECT PROOFS

DIRECT PROOFS - are constructed by assuming the satisfaction of the

conditions stated and then supported by applying valid reasons to yield the
desired conclusion. Their structure follows the format illustrated.
Statement to prove: If condition p holds, then conclusion q follows
Direct proof: Assume that condition p holds.
Valid argument 1
Valid argument 2

Valid argument n
Therefore, conclusion q is true
 In writing proofs, we can use the following
steps:
1. State the given. These statements are considered facts,
therefore, true.
2. State what to prove.
3. Draw a figure which can serve as a guide in establishing the
proof.
4. Present the proof using the preferred method. (two column
of paragraph).
Example:
___
Given: M is the midpoint of AB.
___ ___
Prove: AM ≅ BM

A M B

Proof in at paragraph form:

Given that point M is the midpoint of line segment AB, by the definition of a
midpoint, the measure of AM and BM are equal. Since AM = BM, by the definition
of congruent segments, we can say that the line segments AM I congruent to line
segment BM, or AM ≅ BM.
Two column proof:
Given: M is the midpoint of AB.
___ ___
Prove: AM ≅ BM
A M B

Statements Reasons
1. M is the midpoint of AB 1. Given
2. AM = BM 2. (DOM) Definition of Midpoint
3. AM ≅ BM 3. DOCS (Definition of Congruent Segment)
 Check Point
Complete the following exercise
1
Given: 3

∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles and ∠2 ≅ ∠3. 2

Prove: ∠1≅ ∠3.

Prove:

Statements Reasons

∠1 ≅ ∠2 Given/Vertical Angles Theorem

∠2 ≅ ∠3 Given/DOCA (Definition of Congruent Angles)
∠1 ≅ ∠3 Transitive Property of Congruence
INDIRECT PROOFS
INDIRECT PROOFS – when using an indirect proof, the statement to be proved is
assumed to be false. If the assumption leads to a contradiction, then the
statement assumed false must be true.
Statement to prove: If condition p holds, then conclusion q follows
Indirect proof: Assume that condition p holds.
Valid argument 1
Valid argument 2

Valid argument n
But this leads to a contradiction or an impossible event.
Therefore, q must be true
Indirect proof
Given a premise p and a conclusion q, an indirect proof would assume
q is false.

You would then use the same properties, postulates, definitions and
theorems to show that p would also be false by arriving at a
contradiction.
In writing proofs, we can follow the
following steps:
1. Accept the given statement is true.
2. Assume the opposite of the statement to be proved.
3. State the reasons directly until there is a contradiction of the given
or other statements.
4. State that the assumption of the opposite of the statement to be
proved must be false,
5. Draw a figure which can serve as guide in establishing the proof.
6. Present the proof using preferred method (two column or
paragraph).
Example:

Given: M is not the midpoint of AB

Prove: AM BM
A M B

Statements Reasons
1. M is not the midpoint of AB 1. Given
2. AM = BM 2, Assumption
3. M is the midpoint of AB 3. (DOM) Definition of MIdpoint
4. AM BM 4. Contradiction in Statement 1 and 3
 THANKS FOR LISTENING
HAVE A GOOD DAY
ENJOY THE REST OF THE DAY
AND GOD BLESS