Introduction to

Geometry
Prepared by:
Russel G. Sanchez
The session will cover the
following topics:
• Introduction to Geometry
• Types of Reasoning
• Types of Statements
 Matching Type
1) Father of Geometry a. The Elements
2) Can be translated as
“Earth’s Measurement”
3) Known as the most
b. Euclid
influential and widely used
Geometry textbook c. Inductive
4) A kind of reasoning that Reasoning
takes specific examples and
makes a conclusion out of
them d. Geometry
5) A kind of reasoning that
apply general statement to
specific situations. e. Deductive
Reasoning
Geometry is a branch of Mathematics that
deals with:
Shapes/Figures Measurement
 Geometry
Geo = Earth
Metron = Measurement

“Earth’s Measurement”
 Euclid of Alexandria
• Father of Geometry
• Author of the “Elements”
-compilation of 13 books
• Euclidean Geometry
 Application of Geometry in Real Life
• Architecture
• Engineering
• Arts
• Carpentry
Geometry is mostly consist of:
• writing proofs;
• proving statements and theorems; and
• reasoning.
 Types of
Reasoning
Determine the next figure in the following series
Fact: All multiples of 2 are even numbers.

Question: Which among the given numbers

is NOT a multiple of 2?

A. 12 B. 0

C. 739,286 D. 253
Determine the next figure in the following series

Inductive Reasoning
 Inductive Reasoning
A kind of reasoning that takes specific examples
and makes a conclusion out of them.
Bottom-up Approach (Specific to General)
In mathematics, it is used to test patterns and ideas
and form conjectures or generalizations.
Conjecture – is an idea that results from patterns
derived from observations.
 EXAMPLE

L
B D
65° 60° 60°

A 45° 70° C 30° 60° 60°

E F I M
Form a Conjecture based on the observations.
Case 1. The sum of the interior angles of ΔABC is 180°.
Case 2. The sum of the interior angles of ΔDEF is 180°.
Case 3. The sum of the interior angles of ΔILM is 180°.

Conjecture: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

 EXAMPLE
Square, a quadrilateral, has four sides.

Rectangle, a quadrilateral, has four sides.

Parallelogram, a quadrilateral, has four sides.

Conjecture: All quadrilaterals have four sides.

 EXAMPLE
Ricky says:
“My Math teacher is a female.”
“My English teacher is also a female.”

Conjecture: All teachers are female.

FALSE!
A conjecture is true if it is true for all cases. A conjecture is
false, however, if you find a counterexample that disproves the
conjecture.
 Deductive Reasoning
A general statement is applied to a specific
situation.
A sound deductive reasoning comes from a fact,
and then one applies this to specific events.
Top-bottom approach (General to Specific)
 Fact: All multiples of 2 are even numbers.

Question: Which among the given numbers

is NOT a multiple of 2?

A. 12 B. 0

C. 739,286 D. 253
 EXAMPLES
• All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5.
• The number 35 ends with a 5.
Therefore, 35 is divisible by 5.

The statements in blue font color are the Premises.

The statement in red font color is the Conclusion.
 EXAMPLES

All birds have feathers.

Parrots are birds.
Therefore, parrots have
feathers.
Types of Statements
 Conditional Statements
- are if-then statements.
- consists of a hypothesis & a conclusion.

Examples:
- If two points lie in a plane, then the line
containing them lies in the plane.
- If x + 1 = 2, then x = 1.
- All these prizes will be yours if the price is
right.
 Converse, Inverse, and
Contrapositive
Given Statement:
If p, then q.
Inverse:
If not p, then not q.
Converse:
If q, then p.
Contrapositive:
If not q, then not p.
Given Statement: Given Statement:
If p, then q. If m<A = 90˚, then <A is
a right angle.
Inverse: Inverse:
If not p, then not q. If m<A ≠ 90˚, then <A is
not a right angle.
Converse: Converse:
If q, then p. If <A is a right angle,
then m<A = 90˚.
Contrapositive:
Contrapositive:
If <A is not a right angle,
If not q, then not p. then m<A ≠ 90˚.
Reminder:
*Avoid using pronouns in hypothesis

Given Statement:
If an animal has mammary glands, then it is a
mammal.
Converse:
If it is a mammal, then that animal has mammary
glands.
If an animal is a mammal, then it has mammary
glands.
Note:
• If a statement is true, its Contrapositive is
also true.
• Moreover, if the Converse is true, its
Inverse is also true.
• Even if a statement is true, its Converse
has the possibility of being FALSE.
• If a statement and its Converse are both
true, they can be joined into a single
statement called Biconditional Statement.
 Biconditional Statement
• Done by using if and only if
• Abbreviation: iff
• Symbol: ↔
Given Statement:
If m<A = 90˚, then <A is a right angle.

Converse:
If <A is a right angle, then m<A = 90˚.

Biconditional Statement:
The m<A = 90˚ if and only if <A is a right
angle.
Given Statement:
If a triangle has at least two congruent sides,
then it is an isosceles triangle.

Converse:
If a triangle is an isosceles triangle, then it has
at least two congruent sides.

Biconditional Statement:
A triangle has at least two congruent sides if
and only if it is an isosceles triangle.
Seatwork!
Test A. Identify the type of
reasoning used in the following
situations by writing INDUCTIVE
if inductive reasoning was used
and DEDUCTIVE if deductive
reasoning was utilized.
1) Rey notice that all carabaos in
the farm are black. He concludes
that all carabaos are black.

2) Jane knows that right angles

measure 90˚. <B measures 90˚.
She concluded that <B is a right
angle.
3) John is interested with all types
of flowers. It follows that he is
interested with sunflowers.

4) Tricia observed that chickens lay

eggs. She knows that chicken is a
type of bird. She now concluded
that all birds lay eggs.
5) Paulo does not eat vegetables. It
follows that he does not eat
eggplants.
6) Karen solved the sum of exterior
angles of a pentagon, hexagon, & a
heptagon and she got 360˚. The three
mentioned figures are all polygons. She
now concluded that the sum of exterior
angles of all polygons is 360˚.
 Answer Key for Test A
1) Inductive
2) Deductive
3) Deductive
4) Inductive
5) Deductive
6) Inductive
Test B. Express the Inverse, Converse, and
Contrapositive statement of the given conditional
statement and state if each statement is TRUE or
FALSE. If the given statement and its converse are
both true, express the Biconditional statement.

Given Statements:
1) If the measurement of an angle is less than 90˚,
then it is an acute angle.
2) If a triangle is a right triangle, then one of its
interior angles is a 90˚ angle.
 Answer Key for Test B Item #1
Inverse:
If the measurement of an angle is not less than 90˚, then it
is not an acute angle. TRUE
Converse:
If an angle is acute, then its measurement is less than 90˚.
TRUE
Contrapositive:
If an angle is not acute, then its measurement is not less
than 90˚. TRUE
Biconditional Statement:
The measurement of an angle is less than 90˚ if and only if
it is an acute angle.
 Answer Key for Test B Item #2
Inverse:
If a triangle is not a right triangle, then one of its interior
angles is not a 90˚ angle. TRUE
Converse:
If one of the interior angles of a triangle is a 90˚ angle, then
the triangle is a right triangle. TRUE
Contrapositive:
If one of the interior angles of a triangle is not a 90˚ angle,
then the triangle is not a right triangle. TRUE
Biconditional Statement:
A triangle is a right triangle if and only if one of its interior
angles is a 90˚ angle.
END OF PRESENTATION!