DATA ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES
DATA ANALYSIS

• Once data is collected, it requires a process of cleaning, transforming and analysing for
finding solutions to research problem.

• Data Cleaning means identification of incomplete or illogical responses which needs to

be either removed or completed by researcher.
• Data cleaning involves Editing, Coding, classifying and tabulating the data for further
analysis
DATA EDITING

• Editing the data is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and
omissions and to correct them as much as possible.
• The major purpose behind data editing is to ensure that the collected data is filled
properly and complete in all details.
• The data should be accurate and logical in terms of information required and responses
received.
• Also, it should be structured in the defined manner for further analysis.
CODING

• Coding means translating responses into numerical values or assigning numbers to the
various categories of a variable to be used in data analysis.
• Coding is done based on pre-defined instructions in the codebook.
CLASSIFICATION

• After coding, data is arranged in a structured manner with similar characteristics which is called data
classification.
• Classification helps in conversion of voluminous heterogeneous data into homogeneous groups or classes.
• It compresses the mass data into certain groups or classes, brings out the similarities and dissimilarities of
the data, presented in tabular form, facilitates the comparison between different data groups and enables the
researcher in studying the relationship in time.
• Classification of data must be done in such a manner that each and every item must be covered in a
particular group or trait, groups must not overlap, groups or attributes used for classification must be
suitable for the study, classified groups must be capable for being adjusted for future changes and groups
must simplify the analysis process and not create confusion.
TABULATION

• After coding and classification of data, a proper arrangement of data into a range to
perform the statistical computation is called data tabulation.
• Tabulation is the process of condensing classified data in the from of a table so that it may
easily understood and any comparisons involved can be easily made.
• Tabulation helps in simplifying the complex data in a summarized manner, facilitates
quick comparison of statistical facts, depicts trends or pattern by describing data in a
presentable form and are useful while applying statistical tests and tools for analysis.
TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS

• Descriptive analysis – It describes the raw data in a summarized form. This is used to
present the quantitative explanations in a manageable and simpler way. The simplest way
to summarize the data are mean, median, standard deviation, percentage distribution etc.
• Descriptive statistics help to show the frequency distribution and pattern of data, also
helps in analysing the central tendency of distributed values and the spread of values
around the central position.
• Descriptive statistics include frequency distribution, Mean, Median, Mode, Standard
Deviation
• Inferential Analysis – It infers the conclusion from the sample data for the representative
population.
• Inferential statistics is a technique that allows us to make generalizations about the
population from where the samples were drawn.
• Inferential statistics include t-test, z-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression analysis