LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to:

1. Find the truth value of compound statements using truth tables;
2. Write arguments in symbolic form; and
3. Determine if arguments are valid or invalid.
 LEARNING CONTENT

LOGIC
is the language of reason.
LEARNING CONTENT
TRUTH TABLE
Is a tabulation of possible truth values of a statement depending on the
value of its constituent statements.

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
These are operations that allow us to combine statements to form
compound statements.
LEARNING CONTENT
STATEMENT
It is a declarative sentence that is either TRUE or FALSE but not
BOTH.

COMPOUND STATEMENT
It is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
CONJUNCTION
Given two statements p and q, the connective AND also called
conjunction, is denoted by .

Truth Table for

𝐓 A conjunction of two
𝐅
𝐅 statements is TRUE if both
𝐅 statements are TRUE.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
DISJUNCTION
Given two statements p and q, the connective OR also called
disjunction, is denoted by .

Truth Table for

𝐓 A disjunction of two statements

𝐓
𝐓 is FALSE if both statements
𝐅 are FALSE.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
IMPLICATION OR CONDITIONAL
Given two statements p and q, the connective IMPLIES or
IMPLICATION, is denoted by .

Truth Table for An implication is FALSE only

when a TRUE hypothesis
𝐓 leads to a FALSE conclusion.
𝐅
𝐓 In all other cases, it is TRUE.
𝐓
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
BICONDITIONAL
Given two statements p and q, the connective IF AND ONLY IF, is
denoted by .

Truth Table for

A biconditional statement of p
𝐓 and q is TRUE when both
𝐅 statements have the same
𝐅
𝐓 truth value.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
NEGATION
The negation (NOT) of the statement p is indicated by p.

Truth Table for p

𝐅 The statement p is read as

𝐓 “NOT P”.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS

Type of
Statement Connective Symbolic form
statement
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 1
Construct a truth table for the given statement :

p p
 LEARNING CONTENT
STEP 1
Start with the standard truth table form and then include a column.

p
𝐅
𝐅
𝐓
𝐓
 LEARNING CONTENT
STEP 2
Now use the truth values from and columns to produce the truth values
for ,
Remember
The disjunction is FALSE if both and are FALSE.
p p
𝐓
𝐅
𝐓
𝐓
 LEARNING CONTENT
STEP 3
Negate the truth values in the column to produce the following:

p p
T 𝐅
F 𝐓
T 𝐅
T 𝐅
 LEARNING CONTENT
STEP 4
As our last step, we form the disjunction of with and place the results
in the rightmost column of the table.

p p
T F 𝐓
F T 𝐓
T F 𝐓
T F 𝐅
 LEARNING CONTENT

EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
 LEARNING CONTENT
EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
 LEARNING CONTENT
EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
 LEARNING CONTENT
EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
 LEARNING CONTENT
EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
 LEARNING CONTENT
EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
 LEARNING CONTENT
EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
 LEARNING CONTENT
EXAMPLE 2
Construct a truth table for the given statement.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 3
Consider the following simple statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.
Construct a truth table for each of the following:
a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 3
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s : I am not going to the 𝐓
basketball game. 𝐅
𝐅
Construct a truth table for
each of the following:
𝐅
a. Today is Friday and it is
raining.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 3
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s : I am not going to the
𝐅
basketball game. 𝐅
𝐓
Construct a truth table for
each of the following:
𝐅
b. It is not raining and I am
going to a movie.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 3
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s : I am not going to the
𝐓
basketball game. 𝐅
Construct a truth table for 𝐓
each of the following:
c. I am going to the basketball
𝐓
game or I am going to a movie.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 3
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r:
s :
I am going to a movie.
I am not going to the
𝐓
basketball game. 𝐅
𝐓
Construct a truth table for 𝐓
each of the following:
d. If it is raining, then I am not
going to the basketball game.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 4
Consider the following statements.
p : The game will be played in Araneta Coliseum.
q : The game will be shown on GMA.
r : The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s : The UP Maroons are favored to win.

Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.

a. b. c.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 4
Consider the following statements.
p : The game will be played in Araneta Coliseum.
q : The game will be shown on GMA.
r : The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s : The UP Maroons are favored to win.

The game will be shown on GMA and it will be played in Araneta

Coliseum.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 4
Consider the following statements.
p : The game will be played in Araneta Coliseum.
q : The game will be shown on GMA.
r : The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s : The UP Maroons are favored to win.

The game will be shown on ESPN and the UP Maroons are favored
to win.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 4
Consider the following statements.
p : The game will be played in Araneta Coliseum.
q : The game will be shown on GMA.
r : The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s : The UP Maroons are favored to win.

c.
The UP Maroons are favored to win if and only if the game will not be played
in Araneta Coliseum.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS

TAUTOLOGY
It is a statement which is ALWAYS TRUE.

CONTRADICTION
It is a statement which is ALWAYS FALSE.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 5
Use the truth table to show that each of the statements below is a
tautology.

a. Either President Duterte is present or absent in the Cabinet meeting.

b. President Duterte’s age is either greater than or equal to 70 or not.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 5
a. Either President Duterte is present or absent in the Cabinet meeting.
Let p : Pres. Duterte is present in the Cabinet meeting.

𝐓
𝐓
Hence, the statement is a TAUTOLOGY.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 5
b. President Duterte’s age is either greater than or equal to 70 or not.
Let x be Pres. Duterte’s age then

𝐓
𝐓
Hence, the statement is a TAUTOLOGY.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES and SYMBOLS
EXAMPLE 5
a. Either President Duterte is present or absent in the Cabinet meeting.
Let p : Pres. Duterte is present in the Cabinet meeting.

𝐓
𝐓
Hence, the statement is a TAUTOLOGY.
VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
If the conclusion is TRUE in each row of the truth table where all
premises are TRUE, the argument is VALID. If the conclusion is
FALSE in any row, the argument is INVALID.
 VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT

Example 4: Determine the Truth Value of a

statement

Determine whether each statement is true or false

a..
b.5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.
c.2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number.
 VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
a. means or . Because is true, the statement is a true
statement .
b.This is a false statement because 5 is not an even number
c. This is a true statement because each of the simple statement
is true.

In this section, we consider methods of constructing truth tables

for a statement that involves a combination of conjunctions,
disjunctions, and/or negations. If the given statement involves
only two simple statements, then start with a table with four
rows), called the standard truth table form
 VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the validity of the following argument.
If the stock market rises, the bond market will fall. The bond market did
not fall. Therefore, the stock market did not rise.
Let
p: The stock market rises.
q: The bond market will fall.

If the stock market rises, the bond market will fall.

The bond market did not fall.
 VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the validity of the following argument.
If the stock market rises, the bond market will fall. The bond market did
not fall. Therefore, the stock market did not rise.

p q
 VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the validity of the following argument.
If the stock market rises, the bond market will fall The bond market did
not fall. Therefore, the stock market did not rise.

p
T
F
T
T
 VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the validity of the following argument.
If the stock market rises, the bond market will fall The bond market did
not fall. Therefore, the stock market did not rise.

p
T 𝐅
F 𝐅
T 𝐅
T 𝐓
 VALIDITY OF AN ARGUMENT
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the validity of the following argument.
If the stock market rises, the bond market will fall The bond market did
not fall. Therefore, the stock market did not rise.

p
T F 𝐓
F F 𝐓
T F 𝐓
T T 𝐓
Thank You !