SEMINAR

ON
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

PRESENTED BY
Guided by: P. ARADHANA
P.K. Mallik REGD NO. 0601105051
ROLL NO. 25608
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGG.
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 CHROMATOGRAPHY
 TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
 PRINCIPLE
 BASIC PARTS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPH
 STEPS OF COMPOUND SEPARATION
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
 GENERAL USES OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
 ADVANTAGES
 LIMITATION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Chromatography began its role from the
beginning of 19thcentury when Ramsey
separate the mixture of gas and vapor of
charcoal.
In India it is introduced in the year 1969 by the
chemmito laboratory pvt.ltd.
 GC is most widely used analytical technique in
the world
 CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Chromatography is a technique for separating
mixtures into their components in order to
analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the
mixture or components

• Chromatography involves the distribution of

analytes between two phases
1) Stationary phase
2) Mobile phases
TYPES OF
CHROMATOGRAPHY
1. Liquid Chromatography
2. Thin-Layer Chromatography
3. Gas Chromatography
4. Paper Chromatography
 PRINCIPLE OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY

Gas chromatography involves separating the

different compounds in a sample from each other.

The compounds are separated primarily by the

differences in their volatilities and structures.
 BASIC PARTS OF Gas CHROMATOGRAPH

There are five basic GC components:

Gas Supply and Flow Controllers
Injection system
Column
Oven
Detector
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GC
GAS SUPPLY AND FLOW
CONTROLLERS

 High purity gases are supplied from a

pressurized cylinder or gas generator.

 Flow controllers control the flow of the various

gases.

 Gas supplied to the injector is called the carrier

gas.

 The carrier gas flows through the injector and into

column and exits through a detector.
 INJECTION SYSTEM
The injector introduces the sample into the
open tubular column.
 The column is inserted into the bottom of the
injector.
 The injector is heated to 100–300 °C, thus
volatile sample components are rapidly
transformed into a vapor.
The carrier gas mixes with the vaporized sample
and carries the sample vapors into the column.
 CAPILLARY COLUMN AND OVEN

OVEN COLUMN
 The column resides in an oven whose temperature is
accurately controlled.
 The interior walls of columns are coated with a thin
film of polymeric material called the stationary phase. This
stationary phase impedes the movement of each compound
down the column by a different amount.
 DETECTOR

As each compound exits the column, it enters

the detector.
The detector interacts with the compounds
based on some physical or chemical property.
 The interaction generates an electrical signal
for each compound.
The detector signal is then sent to a recording
device for plotting.
 DATA SYSTEM
The recording device plots the size of the
detector signal versus the time and that plot is
called a chromatogram.
 The most common data recording devices are
computer (PC) based.
 Older GC systems may use an integrator or a
strip chart recorder for recording.
STEPS OF COMPOUND
SEPARATION

Separation of sample on column

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
CHROMATOGRAPHY
USE OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
 Analyze – examine a mixture, its components,
and their relations to one another
• Identify – determine the identity of a mixture
or components based on known components
• Purify – separate components in order to
isolate one of interest for further study
• Quantify – determine the amount of the a
mixture and/or the components present in
the sample
ADVANTAGES
 Fast analysis
– Typically minutes (even sec.)
– Can be automated
 Small samples
 Reliable, relatively simple and cheap (~
$20,000)
 Highly accurate quantification (1-5% RSD)
LIMITATIONS
 Limited to volatile samples

 Some samples may require intensive

preparation

 Requires spectroscopy to confirm the peak

identity
CONCLUSION
GC is unbeaten for last 45 year.
This is the milestone for the history of
Analytical Chemistry.
It is mainly known as the mother of other
chromatographic techniques (e.g. HPLC and
electro Chromatography).
It is mainly popular due to its advanced
instrument manufacturing companies.
reference
 Metal handbook volume 10
 H.M.Mcnair and J.M.Miller, “Basic Gas
Chromatography” (1997) John Wiley and Sons
(Publ.) , New York.
 P.S. Ramanathan, “Glimpses of Gas
Chromatography (Part-1) (1992)
 L.S.Ettre, J. Chromatographic Science, 40,
September 2002
 Table of the Isotopes, in Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics, 56th ed., CRC Press, 1975
Thank
you
Any
queri