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5-1BiosafetyLevels Slides
5-1BiosafetyLevels Slides
Goals
Define barriers and procedures used by
laboratories to protect workers and others
from infection
Describe the four biosafety levels and the
protective measures used by each type of
laboratory when handling infectious materials
Provide examples of the types of biological
agents handled in each type of laboratory
Describe typical places where each type of
laboratory can be found in the US
Why is Biosafety Important?
Laboratorians recognize hazards of
processing infectious agents
Guidelines developed to protect workers
in microbiological and medical labs
through engineering controls,
management policies, work practices
Biosafety Levels
Precautions so people researching or trying to
identify organisms do not become infected
While handling or testing clinical specimens,
workers could accidentally infect themselves
or coworkers
Labs must adhere to very specific safety
regulations to work with organisms that pose
a threat to human health
Biosafety Levels
Regulations outline precautions, special
practices, decontamination procedures
Labs divided into 4 biosafety levels; protective
practices increase with each
Biosafety Level 1 labs - work with least dangerous
agents, require fewest precautions
Biosafety Level 4 labs - have strictest methods
because dealing with agents that are most
dangerous to human health
About this Information…
Information summarized here should not be
used to establish laboratory safety protocols
Complete information and recommendations
can be found in Biosafety in Microbiological
and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition at
http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/ b
mbl4s6.htm
Barriers
Primary barriers: physical barriers or personal
protective equipment between lab worker and
pathogen
Gloves, masks, special breathing apparatuses
Secondary barriers: structural aspects of the
laboratory that make working environment
safer against infection
Sinks for handwashing, special containment areas,
special air ventilation patterns
Universal Precautions
Universal precautions developed to protect health
professionals
Most often apply in a clinical setting
May also be important for field epidemiology practices
during an outbreak investigation (e.g., collecting lab
specimens)
Include hand hygiene, gloves, gown, masks, eye
protection, face shields, safe injection practices
Require that all equipment or contaminated items are
handled to prevent transmission of infectious agents
Special circumstances may require additional
precautions
Protective clothing, special site decontamination
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)
Agents not known to cause disease in
healthy adults
Some organisms may cause disease in
immunocompromised individuals
Agents include Bacillus subtilis,
Naegleria gruberi, infectious
canine hepatitis virus, non-
pathogenic E. coli species
(transmission electron micrograph of E. coli)
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)
Standard practices required:
frequent handwashing
door that can be kept closed when working;
limits on access to the lab space when working;
no smoking, eating, drinking, storage of food in
laboratory;
care to minimize splashes and actions that may
create aerosols (tiny droplets);
decontamination of work surfaces after every use
after any spills;
(continued on next slide)
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1)
Standard practices (continued):
decontamination of laboratory wastes;
use of mechanical pipettes only (no mouth
pipetting);
"sharps" precautions, including special containers
for disposing of needles and other sharp objects;
maintenance of insect/rodent control program;
use of personal protective equipment (lab coats,
latex gloves, eye protection or face shields)
Open bench top sink for hand washing
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Agents associated with human disease
Generally required for any human-derived
blood, bodily fluids, tissues in which
infectious agent may be unknown
Agents include measles virus,
Salmonella species, pathogenic
Toxoplasma, Clostridium
botulinum, hepatitis B virus
(transmission electron micrograph of hepatitis B virus)
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Primary hazards:
accidental needle sticks
exposure to eyes and nose (mucous membranes)
ingestion of infectious materials
Agents do not cause lethal infections, are not
transmissible via airborne route
(do not cause infection if tiny droplets become airborne and
are inhaled, which might occur if the material were
spattered)
Agents are pathogens for which immunization or
antibiotic treatment is available
Extreme care should be taken with contaminated
needles and sharp lab instruments
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Standard practices include BSL-1 plus:
policies to restrict access to lab;
biohazard warning signs posted outside lab;
surveillance of laboratory personnel with
appropriate immunizations offered;
biosafety manual with definitions of needed waste
decontamination or medical surveillance policies;
supervisory staff who have experience working
with infectious agents and specific training for
laboratory personnel in handling these agents
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Primary barriers: biosafety cabinets or other
approved containment devices
Personal protective equipment: lab coats,
gloves, face protection as needed
Protective clothing removed when personnel
leave laboratory area
Cabinets thoroughly decontaminated daily
and monitored for radiation for personal
protection
Secondary barriers: BSL-1 barriers plus
autoclave for glassware
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2)
Example of
biosafety sign
posted outside lab
working with
infectious agents
Lab’s biosafety level
Infectious agents
under study