Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COURSE
C.E. Ehab I Bashir
Fiber Optic Cable course
1.Overview of communication medias.
2.Refraction&reflection of light.
3. Fiber optic communication system.
4.Optical fiber source & detector.
5.Definition & type of F.O.
6.Fiber optic structure.
7.Installation of F.O.C.
8.Optical fiber connections.
9.Definition & types of attenuation.
10. Measurement methods.
11. Attachment photos.
12. Practical parts(O&M,splicing, testing……
etc.
FIBER OPTIC CABLE COURSE
Over view of communication medias:-
Introduction:-
There are four types of media that can be used in
transmitting information in telecommunications
system, which are:
1. Copper wire
2. Coaxial cable (actually an adaptation of copper
wire)
3. Wireless
4. Fiber optic
Disadvantages of Copper cable
Too expensive with respect to fiber optic cable.
need many pipes to be installed for pulling in
the cable.
Always exposed to be theft due to its high
commercial price.
Need to install in short distances as a
communication system.
Low carrying capacity (small bandwidth).
Can be affected with interference , crosstalk &
other neighboring circuit (as happened in
wireless medias).
Advantages of fiber optic cables:
SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high
speeds - up into the gigabits.
BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity.
Tx Channel Rx
Source
generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System
Carries data
Receiver
Converts received signal into data
Destination
Takes incoming data
Fiber optic communication
:system
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information
from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an
optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is
modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-
optic communication systems have revolutionized the
telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the
advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over
electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper
wire communications in core networks in the developed world.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the
following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of
a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the
signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical
signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical communication system
A fiber-optic system is similar to the
copper wire system that fiber-optics is
replacing. The difference is that fiber-
optics use light pulses to transmit
information down fiber lines instead of
using electronic pulses to transmit
information down copper lines. Looking
at the components in a fiber-optic chain
will give a better understanding of how
the system works in conjunction with
wire based systems.
At one end of the system is a transmitter. This
is the place of origin for information coming on
to fiber-optic lines. The transmitter accepts
coded electronic pulse information coming
from copper wire. It then processes and
translates that information into equivalently
coded light pulses. A light-emitting diode
(LED) or an injection-laser diode (ILD) can be
used for generating the light pulses. Using a
lens, the light pulses are funneled into the
fiber-optic medium where they transmit
themselves down the line.|
Optical source and detectors: -
(1) Optical source:
Optical sources (transmitters) are an electronic components
used to convert the electrical signal to optical signal and send
it through optical fibers after certain modulation to the signal.
The most optical sources used in modern fiber optic system
are laser diode (LD) and light emitting diode (LED), the
advantages of these two diode are so small and more suitable
for simple electronic energy.
But generally we use light emitting diode for short distances
and laser diode long distances. The word LASER stands for,
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation.
The LDs and LEDs are operated infrared portion of
electromagnetic spectrum, so their light out put usually
invisible to the human being eye. Their operating wavelengths
are chosen to be compatible with the lowest transmission loss
and high sensitivity ranges of photodiodes. These
wavelengths are 850 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm.
(2)Optical detectors:-
The optical detectors (receivers) convert the
optical signal back into original electrical
signal.
The detector of the optical signal is either PIN-
type photo diode or avalanche type photo
diode. The photo diode demodulates an
optical signal by generating a current
proportional to the intensity of electrical signal.
For the area of operation in fiber optic
transmission system where long distances
transmission (greater than 100km), we use
avalanche photo diode because it is designed
for applications requiring greater sensitivity.
•Definition of O.F: -
Physically optical fiber is a very thin flexible medium having solid
:cylindrical waveguide consisting of three layers, which are
1.The core.
2.The cladding.
3.The coating or jacket.
Types of F.O.:-
There are three types of fiber optic commonly used:
single mode, multimode and plastic optical fiber (POF).
Transparent glass or plastic fibers which allow light to be
guided from one end to the other with minimal loss.
:Types of fiber optic
Single Mode cable is a single stand of glass fiber
with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one
mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a
relatively narrow diameter, through which only one
mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm.
Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but
requires a light source with a narrow spectral
width. Also single mode can be called as mono-
mode optical fiber, single-mode fiber, single-mode
optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber. Has a cladding
diameter of 125 microns & coating or jacket
diameter of 250 microns.
SINGLE-MODE FIBER has a narrow core (eight
microns or less), and the index of refraction
between the core and the cladding changes
less than it does for multimode fibers. Light thus
travels parallel to the axis, creating little pulse
dispersion. Telephone and cable television
networks install millions of kilometers of this
.fiber every year
Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate
and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but
it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much
smaller core than multimode. The small core and
single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that
could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the
least signal attenuation and the highest transmission
speeds of any fiber cable type.
Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which
only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at
.the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm
Multimode cable is made of of glass fibers, with a
common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron range for the
light carry component (the most common size is 62.5).
POF is a newer plastic-based cable which promises
performance similar to glass cable on very short runs, but
at a lower cost.
Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds over
medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into
numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the
cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical multimode
fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometers.
However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000 feet
[914.4 meters), multiple paths of light can cause signal
distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an unclear and
.incomplete data transmission
1. STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER has a large core,
up to 100 microns in diameter. As a result, some of the
light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a
direct route, whereas others zigzag as they bounce off
the cladding. These alternative pathways cause the
different groupings of light rays, referred to as modes,
to arrive separately at a receiving point. The pulse, an
aggregate of different modes, begins to spread out,
losing its well-defined shape. The need to leave
spacing between pulses to prevent overlapping limits
bandwidth that is, the amount of information that can
be sent. Consequently, this type of fiber is best suited
for transmission over short distances, in an endoscope,
for instance.
2. GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER contains a core in
which the refractive index diminishes gradually from the
center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive
index at the center makes the light rays moving down the
axis advance more slowly than those near the cladding.
Also, rather than zigzagging off the cladding, light in the
core curves helically because of the graded index, reducing
its travel distance. The shortened path and the higher
speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at
about the same time as the slow but straight rays in the
core axis. The result: a digital pulse suffers less
dispersion.
Fiber cable structure
Definitions:
Cabling is the process of packaging optical fibers in a
solid tube (called sheath) for ease of working
activities ,handling & protection.
From point of usage ,fiber cable had been classified in
two categories, one for external plant covered with the
sheath called polythene(PE) & other for internal
installation covered with flexible sheath called polyvinyl
chloride (PVC).
Also according to the type of the fiber, the cable can be
classified to single & multi mode cable.
Fiber cable manufacturing:
Fiber cable normally manufacturing in
different style structure:
1. One called maxi-tube cable, in which all
fibers were inserted inside one tube situated
in the middle of the cable.
2. Another type called loose buffered tube cable
, in which all fibers were divided in to many
colored tubes in the cable, situated in circular
shape , in addition to another elements called
fillers to keep the circularity shape of the
cable.
Maxi-tube cable
Ripcord
Buffer tube cable
Samples of fiber cables
Direct buried cable Submarine cable
Installation of optical fiber cables:-
The fiber optic cables installed in a pipe called
conduit system for more protection and ease
of maintenance. There is pulling tool used to
withdraw the cable in the conduit system, also
there are manholes and hand holes used to
ease the pulling of the cable and storing the
connection point of the cable. Some times
outside plant cable are directly laid in the
ground after digging deep in the ground and
back filling again, and this can decrease the
cost of the installation.
Installation methods
Installation methods for both copper cables
and optical fiber cables are similar.
Fiber cable can be pulled with much greater
force than copper wire if pulled correctly.
Long distances laying mean cables are
spliced together, since cables are not
longer than about 4 km.
Most splices are by fusion splicing.
Do not pull on the fibers
Pull on the strength members only! Any other
method may put stress on the fibers and harm
them.
Most cables cannot be pulled by the jacket.
Do not pull on the jacket unless it is specifically
approved by the cable manufacturers and you
use an approved cable grip.
Do not exceed the maximum pulling
.load rating
On long runs, proper lubricants must be used
and the lubricant must be compatible with the
cable jacket.
On really long runs, pull from the middle out
to both ends.
If possible, use an automated puller with
tension control or at least a breakaway
pulling eye.
.Do not exceed the cable bend radius
Fiber is stronger than steel when pulled
straight, but it breaks easily when bent too
tightly.
These will harm the fibers, maybe
immediately, maybe not for a few years, but
they may be harmed and the cable must be
removed and thrown away!
.Check the length
The cable must be long enough for the run.
It’s not easy or cheap to splice fiber and it
needs special protection. It is better if it is
pulled once up to about 2-3 Kilometers.
After installation, every fiber and every
splice is tested with an OTDR.
Testing is also can be done by a source
and meter, in addition to continuity test.
.Conduit and Inner-duct
Outside plant cables are either installed in conduit or inner-duct or
direct buried, depending on the cable type.
Building cables can be installed directly, but can be put inside
plenum-rated inner-duct.
This inner-duct will provide a good way to identify fiber optic cable
and protect it from damage, generally a result of someone cutting it
by mistake!
The inner-duct can speed installation and maybe even cut costs.
It can be installed quickly by unskilled labor, then the fiber cable can
be pulled through in seconds. An inner-duct may have a pulling tape
already installed.
Optical fibers connections:-
Definition:
The purpose of fiber termination is to provide easy ways for fiber
cross connection and light wave signal distribution. There are two
types of fiber terminations: connectors and splicing.
Splicing:
Splicing is the process of connecting two bare fibers directly
without any connectors. There are two methods of fiber optic
splicing: mechanical
splicing and fusion splicing.
LASER SOURCE
Mechanical Fibre
Connector Fusion splice splice end
O.T.D.R
O.T.D.R
connector
Att (dB )
Rayleigh
scattering
Fresnel
reflection
Noise
Dist (Km )
Visual fault locator
A "visual fault locator". It injects a bright red
laser light into the fiber to find faults. If there is a
high loss, such as a bad splice, connector or
tight bend stressing the fiber, the light lost may
be visible to the naked eye. This will find events
close to the OTDR or close to another event that
are not resolvable to the OTDR. It's limitation is
distance too, it only works over a range of about
2.5 miles or 4 km.
The visual fault locator is so valuable a tool that
many OTDRs now have one built into them.
Attenuation & Dispersion
Input pulse Output pulse
W0 W0 T
Input pulse
Source Cladding
Output pulse
Gradient Index Glass slows down the faster light modes and speeds up the slower ones
Multimode Step-Index
Dispersion
Modus dispersion or Modal Delay
(4000 different modes)
µm 140
µm 100
SINGLEMODE STEP INDEX
Input pulse
Laser Cladding
Output pulse
:Patch cords
Multimode Graded-Index
@850/1300 nm @850/1300 nm
Single mode
@1310/1550 nm
Multimode Step-Index
@850 nm @850 nm