Issue in Material Science and

Engineering
Economical Societal Environmental
 Economic Consideration
There are three factors over which the materials engineer
has control and that affect the cost of a product

Component
Design
The Materials Used

The manufacturing Techniques

Component Design

Component design is the

specification of size,
shape, and
configuration, which
will affect in-service
component performance.
 Materials

In terms of economics, we want to select the

material or materials with the appropriate
combinations of properties that are least
expensive
 Manufacturing Techniques

As already stated, the choice of manufacturing

process will be influenced by both the material
selected and part design.

The entire manufacturing process will normally

consist of primary and secondary operations.
 Primary operation
Are those that convert the raw materials into a recognizable
part (casting, plastic forming, powder compaction, molding)

Secondary operation
Are those subsequently employed to produce the finish part
(heat treatments, welding, grinding, drilling, painting,
decorating).
Environmental and Societal
Considerations
 Our modern technologies and the manufacturing of their
associated products impact our societies in variety of ways some
are positive, other are adverse Furthermore, these impacts are
economic and environmental in type, and international.
 Environmental and Societal Considerations

1.) The resources required for a new technology often come from many
different countries

2.) The economic prosperity resulting from technological development

is global in extent

3.) Environmental impacts may extend beyond the boundaries of a

single country
 Synthesis and
processing
Raw Engineering
materials materials

Product design,
Recycle/reuse
manufacture,
assembly

Application
Agriculture * Construction
* Defense
Waste
Information/Communicati
ons Transportation *
Energy * Health
Extraction/Production
 Schematic representation of an input/output inventory for the life-
cycle assessment of a product.

Input Output
Materials Production

Usable Products
Energy Product Manufacturing
Water effluents

Air Emissions
Product Use
Raw Materials Solid Wastes
Product Disposal Other impacts
Recycling Issues in materials Science and engineering
Recyclability and disposability issues were
addressed in the context of materials science
and engineering. Ideally, a material should be
at best recyclable, and at least biodegradable
or disposable
Metals
Most metal alloys to one degree or another
experience corrosion and are also
biodegradable.

However, some metals are toxic and, when

land-filled, may present health hazards
 Metals

Product design should allow for the

dismantling of components composed of
different alloys.

Another of the problems of recycling

involves separation of various alloys
types after dismantling and shredding;
in this regard, some rather ingenious
separation techniques have been devised.
 Metals

Joining of dissimilar alloys presents

contamination problems; for example if
two similar alloys are to be joined,
welding is preferred over bolting or
riveting.
 Glass

The one ceramic material that is consumed by the general

public in the greatest quantities is glass, in the form of
containers. Glass is a relatively inert material, and, as such,
it does not decompose; this, it is not biodegradable. A
significant proportion of municipal land-fills consists of
waster glass; so also does incinerator residue.
 Glass
Furthermore salvaged glass must be sorted by color by type
and by composition; these sorting procedures are time-
consuming and expensive.

Advantages of utilizing recycled glass include more rapid

and increased production rates and a reduction I pollutant
emissions.
 Plastic and Rubbers
One of the reasons that synthetic polymers are so popular as
engineering materials lies with their chemical and biological
inertness.
 Plastic and Rubbers

Polymers are not biodegradable, and as such, they constitute

a significant land-fill component; major sources of waster
are from packaging, junk automobiles, auto mobile tires.
And domestic durables. Biodegradable polymers have been
synthesized, but they are relatively expensive to produce.
 Plastic and Rubbers
Thermoplastic polymers, specifically polyethylene, and polypropylene, are
those most amendable to reclamation and recycling and recycling, since they
may be reformed upon heating
 Composite Materials
Composite are inherently difficult to recycle because they
are multiphase in nature.
The two or more phase/materials that constitute the
composite are normally intermixed on a very fine scale and
trying to separate them complicates the recycling process

Recycling technologies will differ only slightly for

thermoset-matrix and thermoplastic-matrix composite
materials
 Composite Materials
The First step in recycling both thermoset and
thermoplastic-matrix composite is shredding/grinding,
wherein in the components are reduced in size to relatively
small particles. In some instances, these ground particles are
used as filler materials that are blended with a polymer
before fabrication into postconsumer products type.
THANK YOU!!!
CHUA, CARL
PACHEO, NILMAR