OSI MODEL

N E T W O R K L AY E R I N G

 Standardization effort Logical layers

Functions and protocols of each layer

 OSI Open Systems Interconnect Effort to standardize communication by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Logical layering of network Each layer is a group of similar functions that provides services for the layer above, and receives services from the layer below

7 layers

Physical layer
Lowest OSI layer. Transports an unstructured, raw array of bits through a physical media. Defines the way a cable connects with a network card, or defines the attributes of the RF spectrum . Is used for coding data and transporting it in bits (0 and 1). Defines the length of every signal and the method used for transforming every single bit into an electrical, electromagnetic or optic impulse.

Data L i n k layer
The Data Link layer comprises of 2 sub layers: 1. Media Access Control MAC 2. Logical Link Control LLC The Data Link layer provides the means of transporting data between network entities, and correcting possible errors made by the Physical layer. Best known protocols used in this layer are Ethernet and Wi-Fi. Devices that work in this layer are network bridges and switches.

Network layer
The Network layer enables data exchange between single computers or other devices which are not in the same local network.

This layer isnt dependent on the Data Link layer, and because of that it can be used in connecting machines that function in totally different networks architectures, like Ethernet and Token Ring.
The most used protocol in this layer is the IP (Internet Protocol).

Tr a n s p o r t l a y e r
The Transport layer is in charge of making and sustaining communication between processes of two separate network nodes. Protocols that can be used are the following: 1. Unsecure and without connection UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 2. Secure with connection TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) The second is called secure, because it verifies data transmission, and repeats it in case of an error. TCP also can manage traffic jams.

Session layer
This layer describes how the higher (application) layers communicate with the lower (physical) layers.
Out of many interfaces, one has managed to come on top: the BSD sockets Socket technology is applied in many variations, and one of them is Windows Sockets.

controlled by programmer

process socket
TCP with buffers, parameters

process
socket
TCP with buffers, parameters

controlled by OS

Internet

end system

end system

Presentation layer
The Presentation Layer establishes context between Application Layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics.

This layer provides independence from data representation (e.g. encryption) by translating between application and network formats.
The original presentation structure used the basic encoding rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). Nowadays Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is used to show the same data on different platforms using a 7-bit ASCII encoding.

Application layer
The Application layer is the final and highest layer of the model.
When data reaches this layer it is ready to be used by the everyday applications on our computers. The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to transfer data written in HTML between machines. It is reliant on a secure transfer protocol, like TCP.