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L - 2: Differential Equations
L - 2: Differential Equations
Gottfried Wilhelm
von Leibniz
Johann Bernoulli (1667–1748) Leonhard Paul Euler (1707–1783)
Welcome to the presentation
on
Introduction to Ordinary & Partial
Differential Equations (OPDE)
Presented by
Dr. Mohammed Nasir Uddin
Professor
Dept. of ICT
Faculty of Science and Technology(FST),
Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)
Objectives:
Introduction Family of Curves
Solution of DEs
Formation of DEs
Learning outcomes
Family of Curves
Why we study OPDEs?
Definition of Differential equations
dy
2
dx
dy
5 y 3t
dt
2
d y dy
7 3y 0
dx 2 dx
Definition of Differential Equations
In a DE
(i) The variables may or may not lie but
(ii) The differential coefficient must be lie in deferential
equation.
dy
dx
More examples of DEs
dy
5y x
dx
d2y dy
11 y0
dx 2 dx
dy
1 y tan x 0
dx
z z
x y nz
x y
2
z 2
z
a2 0
x 2 y 2
Types of differential equations
Examples: dy
1. 2x 3
dx
d2y dy
2. 2
3 ay 0
dx dx
4
d 3 y dy
3.
3
6y 3
dx dx
y is dependent variable and x is independent variable,
and these are ordinary differential equations
ii. Partial Differential Equations
Examples:
Where,
u u
2 2
2 0 u is dependent variable and
x 2
y
x and y are independent variables,
4u 4u u u u
2 2 2z 2z
4 0 2 x y 0
x 4
t x 2
t t x 2 y 2
Where,
u is dependent variable and
x and t are independent variables
ii. Partial Differential Equations
Definition:
DE Order
dy
2x 3 1
dx
d2y dy
2
3 9y 0 2
dx dx
4
d 3 y dy 3
3
6y 3
dx dx
Degree of Differential Equations
The degree of a differential equation is power of the highest order
derivative term in the differential equation.
DE Degree
d2y dy
3 ay 0
dx 2
dx 1
4
d 3 y dy
3
6y 3 1
dx dx
3 5
d y dy
2
2 3 0 3
dx dx
Degree of Differential Equations
d2y dy 2 3 2
k 2
[1 ( ) ] What is the degree of this DE?
dx dx
d2y 2 dy 2 3
Make it free from radicals k( 2
) [1 ( ) ] Degree is 2
dx dx
dy k
y x
dx dy What is the degree of this DE?
dx
Make it free from fractions dy dy 2
y x( ) k Degree is 2
dx dx
Linear Differential Equations
A differential equation is linear, if
1. dependent variable and its derivatives are of degree one,
2. coefficients of a term does not depend upon dependent
variable.
Example: d2y dy
1. 2
3 9 y 0.
dx dx
is linear.
Example:
2. 4
d 3 y dy
3
6y 3
dx dx
is non - linear because in 2nd term is not of degree one.
Example: 3.
d2y dy
x2
y x 3
dx 2 dx
Example: 4.
dy
sin y
dx
y3
is non - linear because sin y y is non – linear
3!
Non-linear DEs
Differential equations are said to be non-linear if
(i) Any products exist between the dependent variable and
its derivatives, or
(ii)Between the derivatives themselves or
(iii)Between the dependent variables.
d3y dy 2 x
3
( ) 4 y 4e cos x
dx dx
Product between two derivatives ---- non-linear
dy
4 y 2 cos x
dx
Product between the dependent variable themselves ---- non-linear
Class Work
22
Solution of Differential Equations
If any relation between dependent and
independent variables is determined from the given
differential equation which satisfies the given
differential equation then this relation is called its
solution.
Example :
dy
2 x.......... 1
dx
Integrating equation (1) with respect to x
y = x2+ c
Where c is an arbitrary constraint
Hence the solution of equation (1) is
y = x 2+ c 23
Types of Solution of DEs
24
i. General or Complete solution
The solution of differential equations of n-th order
contains n arbitrary constants, which satisfies
the given differential equation is called its general or
complete solution.
d2y dy
Example : 5 6 y 0..........1
dx2 dx
Solution of equation (1) ,
y c e2 x c e3x ........ 2
1 2
Where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.
Since equation (1) is satisfied by (2) and the solution
(2) has two arbitrary constants
So (2) is called the general or complete solution of (1).
25
ii. Particular Solution
In a particular case or condition, a solution is obtained
for the definite values to the arbitrary constants of
general solution is called a particular solution.
Find the particular solution of
d2y dy
5 6 y 0 when y (0) 1 and y / (0) 0
dx 2 dx
Solution of equation (1) ,
y c e2 x c e3x ........ 2
1 2
Where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.
If in a particular case or condition c 1 = 3 and c2= -2
Then the particular solution of (1) , y = 3e 2x - 2e3x
26
Formation
of
Differential Equations
27
Formation of differential Equations
Example:
Find the differential equation from a straight line
y = mx
Solution:
Given equation, y = mx … … (1)
Differentiating both sides of (1) w. r. to x
dy
m ... .... 2
dx
From (2) putting the value of in (1) we get
dy
yx
dx
This is the required differential equation.
28
Example: Form a differential equation from the relation
y =A cosx + B sinx
Solution:
Given equation is y =A cosx + B sinx … … (1)
Differentiating this w. r. to x we get
dy
A sin x B cos x
dx
Again differentiating this w. r. to x we get
d2y
A cos x B sin x
dx 2
d2y
A cos x B sin x
dx 2
d2y
y by 1
dx 2
d2y
y0
dx 2
This is the required differential equation 29
Example: From a differential equation for a cardioide,
r = a(1 + cos )
Solution:
Given equation is r = a(1 + cos ) … … (1)
Differentiating this w. r. to we get
dr
a sin
d
1 dr
a .
sin d
Now putting the value of ‘a’ in (1) we get
1
r 1 cos dr
sin d
dr
r sin 1 cos
d
dr
r sin 1 cos 0
d
This is the required differential equation
30
Family of Curves
x2 + y 2 = 4
x2 + y 2 = 9
x2 + y2 = 16
x2 + y2 = 25
Example of Family of Curves
The set of circles, defined by
(x-c1)2 + (y-c2)2 = c3
is a three parameter family if c1,c2 takes all real
values and c3 takes all non-negative real values. Let
c1 = 2, C2 = 3 & C3 = 4,9,16,25,… …
(x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 4
(x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 9
(x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 16
(x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 25
Find the DE of the family of curves y = Ae 2x + B e-2x ,
for different values of A and B.
Solution:
Given, the DE
y = Ae2x + B e-2x … (1)
Differentiating (1) With respect to x, we get
y/ = 2Ae2x - 2Be-2x … (2)
Again, Differentiating (2) With respect to x, we get
y// = 4Ae2x + 4Be-2x
= 4 (Ae2x + Be-2x)
y// = 4y… (3) [∵y = Ae2x + B e-2x]
Thus the two arbitrary constants A and B have been
eliminated and equation (3) is the desired DE of the
family of curves given by eqn (1).
Find the DE of the family of curves
y = ex (A cosx + B sinx),
where A and B re arbitrary constant.
Solution:
Given, The DE is
y = ex (A cosx + B sinx) … (1)
Differentiating (1) With respect to x, we get
y/ = ex ( - A sinx + B cosx) + ex (A cosx + B sinx)
= ex ( - A sinx + B cosx) + y… (2) [by eq n (1)]
Again, Differentiating (2) With respect to x, we get
y// = ex ( - A cosx – B sinx) + ex ( - A sinx + B cosx) + y/
= - ex (A cosx + B sinx) + ex (-A sinx + B cosx) + y/
y// = -y + y/ - y + y/ [By eqn (1)and (2)]
y// - 2y/ + 2y = 0
Which is the desired DE of the family of curves.
Why do you study differential
equations?
37
Applications
38
Applications
39
Applications
40
Some other examples of fields using DEs