G.S.

Mandal’s
Marathwada Institute of Technology, Chh.
Sambhajinagar
Department of Electrical Engineering

ELECTRONICS FOR ROBOTICS

Presented by:

SHUBHAM SUNIL KHANDARE (43)

Guided by :

Dr. S. M. BADAVE

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1
 Content

• Introduction
• Literature Survey
• Advantages
• Applications
• Future of Robotics
• Conclusion
• References.

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 Introduction
1) ROBOT'S ORIGIN.

The word 'ROBOT' was coined by a Czech Novelist Karel Capek

in a 1920 play titled Rossum's Universal Robots (RUR).

• 'Robota' in Czech defines a worker or a servant.

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Karel Capek 3
2) First Robot in history is said to be this soldier with an automatic
bellows blowing a trumpet. It was made in 1910 by Friedrich
Kaufman of Dresden, Germany, and is on display at present in the
Munich Museum. Clockwork spring drives it.

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 Literature Survey
Sr.No Name of research Date of Name of Key Points
paper or book publish Author

1 Robotics For Dec 2017 Tejinder This is a professional book. In

this I concentrate on sharing
Beginners/Vol-1 Devgon
my experience
on robotics and this book is
especially designed for
beginners in robotics.

2 Robotics and Automation June 2022 Thomas. R. In this book, Robotics

Kurfess machine or devices that
Opera automatically or by
remote control.

3 Equipment and 2023 Declan. G. In this article, describe future

technology in robotic Murphy developments in key areas of
virtual reality simulation.

5
●Electronics Components for Robotic

Electronics Components

Robotic Robotic IR Emitters Voltage

Sensors Motors & &
Detectors Power supply
Regulation
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 1) Robotic Sensors

A Device that detects a physical property and responds to it.

•LIGHT SENSORS
•SOUND SENSORS
•TEMPERATURE SENSORS
•PRESSURE SENSORS
•CONTACT SENSORS
•PROXIMITY SENSORS
•RANGE SENSORS

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1) LIGHT SENSORS

Used to detect light and create a difference.

Photo Voltaic Cells (Solar

Photoresistors (LDR)
cells)

Solar cells are used in electronic toys, handheld calculators, and

portable radios etc.
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2) SOUND SENSORS
sound and returns voltage proportional to sound level.

Piezoelectric Sensor Ultrasonic sensor

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3) TEMPERATURE SENSORS

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Temperature sensors are used in many electrical appliances, from
our refrigerators and freezers to help regulate and maintain cold
temperatures as well as within stoves and ovens to ensure that
they heat to the required levels for cooking, air
confectioners/heaters.

4) PRESSURE SENSORS

There are seven main types of pressure sensors: Aneroid

barometer pressure sensors, manometer pressure sensors,
bourdon tube pressure sensors, vacuum (Pirani) pressure sensors,
sealed pressure sensors, piezoelectric pressure sensors, and strain
gauge pressure sensors.

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 Pressure Sensor Contact Sensor

5) CONTACT SENSORS

Contact sensors work by measuring the heat energy that is

transferred from the object to the sensor. The most common types
are thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature
detectors, which each use different methods to calculate and
measure temperature.

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6) PROXIMITY SENSORS

There are 3 main types of proximity sensors

•IR Transeivers
•Ultrasonic Sensor
•Photoresistor
Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring
to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its
support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines,
compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings. A
proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a
touch switch.

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7) RANGE SENSORS

Different types of range sensors are...

•Ultrasonic Range sensor
•IR range Sensors
•Laser range Sensors
•Encoders
Range Sensor
•Stereo camera
Range sensors are commonly used for mobile robots in order to
avoid collision with obstacles and build an environmental map.
Unless the robot uses an external localization device, the dead-
reckoning alone incurs the accumulated position errors. This
paper presents an algorithm for the position error correction.
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 2) Robotic Motors

●ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electro chemical device that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electric motors are driven
by DC current.
They are most commonly used in hobbyist robot applications.

●TYPES OF ROBOTIC MOTORS

1) Brushed DC Motors

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• Motor controller is used to rotate the motor in two directions.
• It is quite expensive.
• Pulse-width modulation
• Gear reducer is used to reduce speed and increase torque.
• Brushed DC motors consist of four key components; the
stationary magnet (called a stator), the rotor, the commutator
and the brushes (see Figure 1). The rotor consists of one or
more windings of wire wrapped around a core made of a
ferrous metal, usually iron, and connected to power with a
metal 'brush'.

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2) Brushless DC Motors

• Electronic speed control unit is used.

• Still, these are widely used in RC community because they
offer greater reliability, torque and have other good
characteristics.
• A brushless DC motors do not use brushes. With brushed
motors, the brushes deliver current through the commutator
into the coils on the rotor.
• How does a brushless motor pass current to the rotor coils?
• It doesn't—because the coils are not located on the rotor.

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 Brushed DC Motor

Brushless DC motor

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3) Stepper Motor

•Magnetic poles on stator.

•Provide current to the coils at a predefined sequence.
Special stepper motor controller.
•Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives,
flatbed scanners, computer printers, plotters, slot machines,
image scanners, compact disc drives, intelligent lighting, camera
lenses, CNC machines, and 3D printers.

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4) Servo Motor

•Servo motors are integrated with control system.They include

other types of motors such as pneumatic or hydraulic as long as
the feedback system is present in provide positioning.
•Pulse width modulation, used to construct robot arms.
•Servo motors or “servos”, as they are known, are electronic
devices and rotary or linear actuators that rotate and push parts of
a machine with precision. Servos are mainly used on angular or
linear position and for specific velocity, and acceleration.

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 Stepper Motor

5) Servo Motor used in Robotic Arm

•Robotic arm is a robotic manipulator, usually programmable

with similar functions to a human arm.
•Servo motor is used for joint rotation.
•We can control arm through computer interface.
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Salient features of a Robotic Arm

•Five servos which are controlled

through only one microcontroller
ATMEGA16.
•Used to grab things in the
hemisphere of 50cm. Robotic Arm
• It is user friendly.
•It can lift objects weighting 200gms and above.
•To keep the design of robotic arm gripper simple, and
implementing the gripping mechanism without gears with one
servo motor.

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 3) IR Emitters & Detectors

• Side-looking Infrared Emitters and IR Detectors. These simple

devices operate at 940nm and work well for generic IR
systems including remote control and touch-less object
sensing. Using a simple ADC on any microcontroller will
allow variable readings to be collected from the detector.
• An Infrared emitter, or IR emitter, is a source of light energy
in the infrared spectrum. This little part is a light emitting
diode (LED) that is used in order to transmit infrared signals
from a remote control.

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This simple device operates at 940nm and works well for generic
IR systems.
•Infrared detectors are detectors for infrared light. Some of them
are photodetectors (photon detectors) which are sensitive in a
relatively long wavelength region, while others are based on
sensing small temperature increases induced by absorption of
infrared light.

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 4) Voltage Regulation for Robotic
•What is a voltage regulator?
A device designed to automatically maintain constant voltage level.

• Electronic voltage regulators.

A voltage regulator is a circuit that creates and maintains a fixed
output voltage, irrespective of changes to the input voltage or load
conditions.

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1) Linear Regulators
A linear voltage regulator utilizes an active pass device (such as a
BJT or MOSFET), which is controlled by a high-gain operational
amplifier. To maintain a constant output voltage, the linear
regulator adjusts the pass device resistance by comparing the
internal voltage reference to the sampled output voltage, and then
driving the error to zero.

2) Switching Regulators
A switching regulator circuit is generally more complicated to
design than a linear regulator, and requires selecting external
component values, tuning control loops for stability, and careful
layout design.
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Switching regulators can be step-down converters, step-up
converters, or a combination of the two, which makes them more
versatile than a linear regulator.

Voltage Regulator 7805

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•Power Supply Regulation

Power supply regulation is the ability of a power supply to

maintain an output voltage within a specified tolerance as
referenced to changing conditions of input voltage and/or load.
Most electronic equipment is powered from DC voltage derived
from the unregulated AC mains voltage.

A regulated power supply has all the same parts that unregulated
supplies do but with the addition of a voltage regulator. This part
ensures the output delivered is smooth and unchanging,
regardless of draw or input.

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 Advantages

• Increase Productivity
• Quality assurance
• Increased efficiency in productivity
• Reduced Labour Costs
• Higher quality
• Natural environment
• Reduced waste

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 Applications

• Agricultural Industries
• Automobile Industries
• Construction Industries
• Used in surgery Instrument
• Manufacturing Engineering
• Material or Load Transfer
• Transportation
• Used in power plants

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 Future of Robotic

• Industrial Robotics
• Military and Police Organizations
• Surgical robotics
• Automatic Vehicles
• Robotic Astronaut in Space craft

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 Conclusion

Robotics is revolutionizing the future of work in a variety of

industries. From manufacturing and logistics to healthcare and
education, robots are improving efficiency, productivity, and safety.
Robotics is a branch of engineering and computer science that
involves the conception, design, manufacture and operation of
robots. The objective of the robotics field is to create intelligent
machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways. Robotics can
take on a number of forms.

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 References
Reference book:
• Robotics For Beginners/ Author: Tejinder Devgon/Vol-1/ Dec
2017.
• Robotics & Automation handbook/ Author: Thomas. R. Kurfess/
June 2022
Reference Journal & Research Papers:
• Equipment and technology in robotics-Article in Archivos
Españoles de Urología · 2023

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 Thank you...!

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