1. Diplomacy 11.

Salutary Neglect
2. Founder 12.Mercantilism
3. Congress 13.Tax
4. Legislature 14.Tariff
5. Militia 15.Boycott
6. Patriot 16.Treason
7. Loyalist 17.Treaty
8. Tyranny 18.Proclamation
9. Inalienable 19.Declaration
10.Writ 20.Parliament
 Chapter 5
Colonial Society on the
Eve of Revolution
 King
William and
Queen Anne

King Louis
XIV
 France Finds a Foothold in Canada

When King Louis XIV became king, he took an interest in overseas

colonies. In 1608, France established Quebec, overlooking the St.
Lawrence River.
• Samuel de Champlain, soldier and explorer, became known as
the “Father of New France.”
– He helped to establish the citadel at Quebec, overlooking the
St Lawrence River.
– Allied with the Huron Indians against the Iroquois,
accounting for their later enmity.
 New France Fans Out

• New France’s (Canada) most valuable resource was the

beaver.
• The French voyagers became adept at trapping beaver;
they recruited Indians to hunt for beaver as well, but the
Indians were decimated by the white man’s diseases and
alcohol.
• The French went on to establish numerous trading posts,
but were always sparse in population

• The 2 most important posts were Detroit, founded to

keep the British out of the Ohio Valley; and Louisiana,
where the French hoped to gain and keep control of…

THE MISSISSIPPI!
 The Clash of Empires
• King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War
– English colonists fought the French and their
Indian allies.
– The British did try to capture Quebec and
Montreal and failed
– The peace deal in Utrecht in 1713 gave
Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia),
Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to England,
pinching the French settlements by the St.
Lawrence. It also gave Britain limited trading
rights with Spanish America. The peace was
uneasy, especially in New England
George Washington Inaugurates War
with France
• In 1754, the governor of Virginia sent 21
year-old George Washington to the Ohio
country as a lieutenant colonel in command
of about 150 Virginia minutemen.
– Encountering some Frenchmen in the
forest about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne,
the troops opened fire, killing the French
leader.
– Later, the French returned and surrounded
Washington’s hastily constructed Fort
Necessity, forcing him to surrender
(coincidentally) on July 4
The French and Indian War
• Washington’s battle kicked off the
fourth major war between these
empires La batalla de Washington
dio inicio a la cuarta gran guerra
entre estos imperios.

• Many Americans sought for the

American colonies to unite, for
strength lay in numbers. Muchos
estadounidenses buscaron que las
colonias americanas se unieran,
porque la fuerza estaba en los
números.
• In 1754, 7 of the 13 colonies met for an inter-colonial
congress held in Albany, New York. The immediate
purpose of the Albany Congress was to keep the
Iroquois tribes loyal to the British, but Franklin had even
bigger ideas En 1754, 7 de las 13 colonias se reunieron
para un congreso intercolonial celebrado en Albany,
Nueva York. El propósito inmediato del Congreso de
Albany era mantener a las tribus iroquesas leales a los
británicos, pero Franklin tenía ideas aún mayores.
 The Course of the War
General Edward Braddock initially lead a bunch of
inexperienced soldiers with slow, heavy artillery. FAIL
El general Edward Braddock inicialmente lideró a un grupo
de soldados sin experiencia con artillería lenta y pesada.
FALLAR

The French responded by “fighting like Indians”. Las

francesas respondieron "luchando como indias".

Rather than concentrate on the larger prizes of Quebec and

Montreal, the British tried to attack strategic wilderness
posts. Defeat after defeat piled up. En lugar de concentrarse
en las ciudades más grandes de Quebec y Montreal, los
británicos intentaron atacar puestos estratégicos en la
naturaleza. Derrota tras derrota acumulada.
Pitt changes the game
• William Pitt became Prime Minister of
England and took the lead. In 1757, he
changed the strategy; he concentrated on
the major cities in New France.
• Pitt put James Wolfe in charge of the
assault on Quebec; Wolfe responded by
having his troops climb a cliff in the
middle of the night
• William Pitt se convirtió en primer
ministro de Inglaterra y tomó la
iniciativa. En 1757 cambió la estrategia;
se concentró en las principales ciudades
de Nueva Francia.
• Pitt puso a James Wolfe a cargo del
asalto a Quebec; Wolfe respondió
haciendo que sus tropas escalaran un
The Battle of Quebec (1759)
• In the Peace Treaty at Paris in 1763…
– France was totally kicked out of North America. This meant
the British got Canada and the land all the way to the
Mississippi River.
– The French were allowed to retain several small but valuable
sugar islands in the West Indies and two never-to-be-fortified
islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing stations.
• En el Tratado de Paz de París en 1763 ...
– Francia fue totalmente expulsada de América del Norte. Esto
significó que los británicos consiguieron Canadá y la tierra
hasta el río Mississippi.
– A los franceses se les permitió retener varias islas azucareras
pequeñas pero valiosas en las Indias Occidentales y dos
islotes nunca fortificados en el Golfo de San Lorenzo para
estaciones de pesca.
• France’s final blow came when they gave Louisiana to
Spain to compensate for Spain’s losses in the war.
• Great Britain took its place as the leading naval
power in the world, and the dominant power in
North America.
• El golpe final de Francia llegó cuando le dieron
Luisiana a España para compensar las pérdidas de
España en la guerra.
• Gran Bretaña tomó su lugar como la principal
potencia naval del mundo y la potencia dominante
en América del Norte.
Treaty of Paris 1763
 Legacy
• The colonists, having experienced war firsthand and come out victors,
were very confident. However, the myth of British invincibility had been
shattered.
• Brits were concerned about American secret trade with enemy traders
during the war; in the last year of the war, the British forbade the export of
all supplies from New England to the Middle colonies.
• Los colonos, habiendo experimentado la guerra de primera mano y salido
vencedores, estaban muy confiados. Sin embargo, el mito de la
invencibilidad británica se había hecho añicos.
• Los británicos estaban preocupados por el comercio secreto
estadounidense con los comerciantes enemigos durante la guerra; en el
último año de la guerra, los británicos prohibieron la exportación de
todos los suministros de Nueva Inglaterra a las colonias centrales.
 Pontiac’s War

After the F&I war, The native leader Pontiac led a

number of tribes in sporadic warfare against the British
soldiers.

About 600 British soldiers were killed over the course

of 3 years.
Después de la guerra de F&I, el líder nativo Pontiac
dirigió a varias tribus en guerras esporádicas contra
los soldados británicos.

Aproximadamente 600 soldados británicos murieron en

el transcurso de 3 años.
Land-hungry Americans had assumed that they could settle west of
the Appalachians, but….

• In 1763, Parliament issued its Proclamation of 1763, prohibiting

any settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians.

Los estadounidenses hambrientos de tierras habían asumido que

podrían establecerse al oeste de los Apalaches, pero….

• En 1763, el Parlamento emitió su Proclamación de 1763,

prohibiendo cualquier asentamiento en el área más allá de los
Apalaches.
Proclamation of 1763
 Conquest by the Cradle
By 1775:
• Great Britain ruled 32 colonies in North America.
– Only 13 of them revolted (the ones in what’s today the U.S.).
• The population numbered 2.5 million people
– The balance of power shifted
Para 1775:
• Gran Bretaña gobernó
32 colonias en América
del Norte.
– Solo 13 de ellos se
rebelaron (los de lo
que hoy es Estados
Unidos).
• La población ascendía
a 2,5 millones de
personas.
– El equilibrio de
 • The average age was 16
years old
• Most of the population
(95%) was densely cooped
up east of the Alleghenies
• About 90% of the people
lived in rural areas and
were therefore farmers.

• La edad promedio fue de 16 años.

• La mayor parte de la población (95%) estaba
densamente encerrada al este de las Alleghenies.
• Aproximadamente el 90% de la población vivía en
zonas rurales y, por tanto, eran agricultores.
 A Mingling of the Races
• Colonial America was mostly English, but Germans
accounted for about 6% of the population, or about
150,000 people by 1775.
• The Scots-Irish were about 7% of the population, with
175,000 people
• La América colonial era mayoritariamente inglesa,
pero los alemanes representaban alrededor del 6% de
la población, o unas 150.000 personas en 1775.
• Los escoceses-irlandeses eran aproximadamente el
7% de la población, con 175.000 personas.
 A Mingling of the Races
• About 5% of the multicolored population consisted of
other European groups, like French Huguenots, Welsh,
Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots-
Highlanders
• The most ethnically diverse region of colonial America
was the Middle Colonies, whereas New England was the
least ethnically diverse.
• Aproximadamente el 5% de la población multicolor
consistía en otros grupos europeos, como hugonotes
franceses, galeses, holandeses, suecos, judíos,
irlandeses, suizos y escoceses-montañeses.
• La región con mayor diversidad étnica de la América
colonial fueron las Colonias medias, mientras que
Nueva Inglaterra fue la menos étnicamente diversa.
The Structure of the Colonial Society
• In contrast to contemporary Europe, America
was a land of opportunity. The number of
poor people remained tiny compared with the
number in England.
• While there were some class differences,
they were not as important as in England and
one could change class with relative ease
• En contraste con la Europa contemporánea,
Estados Unidos era una tierra de
oportunidades. El número de pobres sigue
siendo pequeño en comparación con el de
Inglaterra.
• Si bien había algunas diferencias de clase,
no eran tan importantes como en Inglaterra
y uno podía cambiar de clase con relativa
facilidad.
White collar trades
• The most honored profession
in the colonial times was the
clergy
• Doctors were ill-regarded
• Lawyers were coming to be
respected, at a time when
many represented them selves

• La profesión más honrada en la época colonial fue el

clero.
• Los médicos estaban mal considerados
• Los abogados comenzaban a ser respetados, en un
momento en el que muchos se representaban a sí
Economics Ciencias económicas
• By the 18th century, the various colonial regions has
distinct economic identities: En el siglo XVIII, las
diversas regiones coloniales tenían identidades
económicas distintas:
The northern colonies relied on cattle and grain. Las
colonias del norte dependían del ganado y los cereales.
Economics Ciencias económicas
• The Chesapeake colonies relied on tobacco.
• Las colonias de Chesapeake dependían del tabaco.
Economics Ciencias económicas
• The southern colonies relied on rice and indigo.
• Las colonias del sur dependían del arroz y el índigo.
Economics Ciencias económicas
• Fishing could be rewarding, though not as much as
farming, and it was pursued in all the American
colonies especially in New England
• Trading was also popular and common throughout
• La pesca podía ser gratificante, aunque no tanto
como la agricultura, y se practicaba en todas las
colonias americanas, especialmente en Nueva
Inglaterra.
• El comercio también fue popular y común en todo
• All in all, life in the colonies was successful and
prosperous for most. People lived simply, but happily.
Con todo, la vida en las colonias fue exitosa y próspera
para la mayoría. La gente vivía con sencillez, pero feliz.
• Roads were so bad that they were dangerous.
• As a result towns seemed to cluster around slow,
navigable water sources, like gentle rivers, or by the
ocean.
• Las carreteras estaban tan mal que eran peligrosas.
• Como resultado, las ciudades parecían agruparse
alrededor de fuentes de agua navegables y lentas,
como ríos tranquilos o junto al océano.
• In the towns sprang up taverns and bars. These served both
weary travelers and townfolk and became essential to the birth
of democracy
– a great place for gossip and news.
– were hotbeds of agitation for the Revolutionary
movement.
En las ciudades surgieron tabernas y bares. Estos sirvieron tanto
a los viajeros cansados como a la gente del pueblo y se
convirtieron en esenciales para el nacimiento de la
democracia.
- un gran lugar para chismes y noticias.
- fueron importantes para cristalizar la opinión pública.
- fueron focos de agitación para el movimiento revolucionario.
 Common Life
• There was little time for recreation; what little there was
was used on religion, not art.
• Painters were frowned upon as pursuing a worthless
pastime.
• Architecture was largely imported from the Old World
and modified to meet American needs.
• Había poco tiempo para la recreación; lo poco que había
se usaba en religión, no en arte.
• Los pintores estaban mal vistos por perseguir un
pasatiempo sin valor.
• La arquitectura fue en gran parte importada del Viejo
Mundo y modificada para satisfacer las necesidades
estadounidenses.
 Common Life
• Colonial literature was also generally undistinguished. Most
reading material came from England, and was limited more to
religious works than anything else. La literatura colonial tampoco
se distinguió en general. La mayor parte del material de lectura
procedía de Inglaterra y se limitaba más a obras religiosas que a
cualquier otra cosa.

• Una excepción notable fue el Almanaque del pobre Richard de Ben

Franklin.
• Esto fue muy influyente, contenía muchos dichos y frases comunes,
y fue más leído en América y Europa que cualquier otra cosa que
no fuera la Biblia.

• A notable exception was Ben Franklin’s Poor Richard’s

Almanac
• This was very influential, containing many common sayings and
phrases, and was more widely read in America and Europe than
anything but the Bible.
“Love your Enemies, for they tell you your
Faults.”
“He that falls in love with himself will have
no rivals.”
“There never was a good war or a bad
peace.”
“He that lies down with Dogs, shall rise up
with fleas.”
“Better slip with foot than tongue.”
“Don’t throw stones at your neighbors, if
your own windows are glass.”
“A true Friend is the best Possession.”
“No gains without pains.”
“Haste makes Waste.”
“Fish and Company stink after 3 days”
“Neither a borrower nor a lender be”
 Politics
• Governors were appointed by the king in royal colonies,
selected by the owner in proprietary ones.
– Most had a two-house legislature.
– Most governors were effective.
– The right to vote was expanding.
– It was still limited to white males only, but to more white
males.
• Los gobernadores eran nombrados por el rey en las
colonias reales, seleccionados por el propietario en las
propietarias.
– La mayoría tenía una legislatura de dos cámaras.
– La mayoría de los gobernadores fueron eficaces.
– El derecho al voto se estaba expandiendo.
– Todavía estaba limitado solo a hombres blancos, pero a
• America in 1775 was like a quilt, each part different
and individual in its own way, but all coming
together to form one single, unified piece.

• América en 1775 era como una colcha, cada parte

diferente e individual a su manera, pero todas juntas
para formar una sola pieza unificada.
 The Road to Revolution
America Secedes from the Empire
 The Deep Roots of Revolution

• In a general sense, the American Revolution began

when the first colonists set foot on America and may
have sparked with the victory at the Battle of Quebec
because that victory helped precipitate the British
government’s change in policy from “salutary
neglect” to compelling the colonists to shoulder
some of the financial costs of the empire.
 Trouble on the Horizon
• Americans began to want to trade with other
nations, which Britain did not like
• In 1733, Parliament passed the Molasses Act- it
added a tax on molasses and sugar imported
from Non-British colonies into North America
• The result was disagreement, and colonists got
around the act through smuggling.

• Los estadounidenses comenzaron a querer comerciar con

otras naciones, lo que a Gran Bretaña no le gustó.
• En 1733, el Parlamento aprobó la Ley de la melaza, que
agregó un impuesto sobre la melaza y el azúcar importados
de colonias no británicas a América del Norte.
• El resultado fue un desacuerdo y los colonos evitaron el
acto mediante el contrabando.
 Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
• The British embraced a theory that justified their control of
the colonies called mercantilism:
– A country’s economic wealth & overall success could be
measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury.
– To amass gold and silver, a country had to export more
than it imported (it had to obtain a favorable balance of
trade).

• Los británicos adoptaron una teoría que justificaba su

control de las colonias llamada mercantilismo:
– La riqueza económica de un país podría medirse por la
cantidad de oro o plata en su tesorería.
– Para acumular oro y plata, un país tenía que exportar
más de lo que importaba (tenía que obtener una balanza
comercial favorable).
This policy of mercantilism severely hindered American
trade.
The Navigation Laws were the most infamous of the laws
used to enforce mercantilism. They restricted commerce
from the colonies to England (and back) to only English
ships, and none other. These laws, which started as a way to
target the Dutch in the 1650’s, eventually came to be used as
a way to control the colonists.

Esta política de mercantilismo obstaculizó gravemente el

comercio estadounidense.
Las Leyes de Navegación fueron las más infames de las leyes
utilizadas para hacer cumplir el mercantilismo.
Restringieron el comercio de las colonias a Inglaterra (y
viceversa) solo a los barcos ingleses, y nada más. Estas
leyes, que comenzaron como una forma de apuntar a los
holandeses en la década de 1650, eventualmente llegaron
a usarse como una forma de controlar a los colonos.
• Settlers were even restricted in what they could
manufacture at home; they couldn’t make woolen cloth
and beaver hats to export (though, they could make
them for themselves).

• Legislation was also restricted- Colonial laws could be

voided by Britain
Los colonos incluso estaban restringidos en lo que
podían fabricar en casa; no podían fabricar telas de
lana ni sombreros de castor para exportar (aunque sí
podían hacerlo ellos mismos).

La legislación también estaba restringida: Gran Bretaña

podría anular las leyes coloniales.
• Americans had no currency, but they were constantly
buying things from Britain, so that gold and silver was
constantly draining out of America, forcing many to
trade and barter. Eventually, the colonists were forced to
print paper money, which depreciated.
• Los estadounidenses no tenían moneda, pero estaban
constantemente comprando cosas de Gran Bretaña, por
lo que el oro y la plata salían constantemente de
Estados Unidos, lo que obligaba a muchos a comerciar
y hacer trueques. Finalmente, los colonos se vieron
obligados a imprimir papel moneda, que se depreció.
• The Navigation Laws were hated,
but until 1763, they were not really
enforced much, resulting in
widespread smuggling. This lack of
enforcement is called “salutary
neglect.”

• Las Leyes de Navegación

fueron odiadas, pero hasta
1763, en realidad no se
hicieron cumplir mucho, lo
que resultó en un contrabando
generalizado. Esta falta de
aplicación se denomina
"negligencia saludable".
• At the end of the French and Indian War, there was
substantial debt left over from the fighting. Britain
began to enforce the laws in 1763, as a way to recoup
(get back) some of the money spent on the war. The
fuse for the American Revolution was lit.

• Al final de la guerra francesa e india, quedó una

deuda sustancial de los combates. Gran Bretaña
comenzó a hacer cumplir las leyes en 1763, como una
forma de recuperar (recuperar) parte del dinero
gastado en la guerra. Se encendió la mecha de la
Revolución Americana.
Escalation

• Prime Minister George Grenville, an honest and able

financier but not noted for tact, ordered that the
Navigation Laws be enforced, arousing resentment of
settlers.
• El primer ministro George Grenville, un financista
honesto y capaz, pero sin tacto, ordenó que se hicieran
cumplir las leyes de navegación, lo que despertó el
resentimiento de los colonos.
Escalation
• Grenville also secured the “Sugar Act” of 1764, which
increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the
West Indies; after numerous protests from spoiled
Americans, the duties were reduced.

• The Quartering Act of 1765 required certain colonies

to provide food and quarters for British troops.
• Grenville también obtuvo la "Ley del Azúcar" de
1764, que aumentó los aranceles sobre el azúcar
extranjero importado de las Indias Occidentales;
después de numerosas protestas de estadounidenses
mimados, se redujeron los aranceles.

• La Ley de Acuartelamiento de 1765 requería que

ciertas colonias proporcionaran comida y alojamiento
a las tropas británicas.
  NEW LAWS/TAXES:
 Grenville was determined to stop the smuggling that was
taking place to get around the Navigation Laws. A new
law was passed that said if a smuggler was caught, judges
chosen by King George would hear the case. It also gave
officers the right to search for smuggled goods by using
writs of assistance.

 Grenville estaba decidido a detener el

contrabando que se estaba llevando a cabo
para eludir las leyes de navegación. Se
aprobó una nueva ley que decía que si se
capturaba a un contrabandista, los jueces
elegidos por el rey Jorge conocerían el caso.
También otorgó a los oficiales el derecho a
buscar bienes de contrabando mediante
órdenes de asistencia.
 The Stamp Tax Uproar
• In 1765, he also imposed a new tax to raise money
for the new military force.
• The Stamp Act of 1765 generated the most protest
in the colonies.
• Americans formed the battle cry, “No taxation
without representation!” because Parliament passed
the tax, not the colonial legislatures themselves, and
since the colonies had no legislative representation
in Parliament, they felt it unjust to be taxed by
them.
• En 1765, también impuso un nuevo impuesto para recaudar
fondos para la nueva fuerza militar.
• La Ley del Timbre de 1765 generó la mayor protesta en las
colonias.
• Los estadounidenses formaron el grito de batalla: "¡No hay
impuestos sin representación!" porque el Parlamento aprobaba
el impuesto, no las legislaturas coloniales mismas, y dado que
las colonias no tenían representación legislativa en el
Parlamento, sentían que era injusto pagar impuestos por ellas.
 British Stamp Act Poster

The Stamp Act taxed almost everything made of paper:

letters, newspapers, bills, all legal documents, playing
cards, and calendars
La Ley de Timbres gravaba casi todo lo que estaba hecho de papel:
cartas, periódicos, facturas, todos los documentos legales, naipes y
calendarios.
 Attempts to Repeal the Stamp Act
• In 1765, representatives from 9 of
the 13 colonies met in New York
City to discuss the Stamp Tax and
devised a formal appeal for
Parliament to repeal the act. En
1765, representantes de 9 de las 13
colonias se reunieron en la ciudad
de Nueva York para discutir el
Impuesto de Timbre e idearon un
llamamiento formal para que el
Parlamento derogara la ley.
•
What is a BOYCOTT?
• Boycott: when consumers refuse to use a good or service, in
order to change the way that the good or service is provided.
What is happening
here?

¿Que está sucediendo

aquí?
• Violence ensued as well.
Sons and Daughters of
Liberty took the law into
their own hands, tarring
and feathering violators
among people who had
agreed to boycott the
goods.
• También se produjo la
violencia. Hijos e Hijas
de la Libertad tomaron la
ley en sus propias manos,
criticando a los
infractores entre las
personas que habían
acordado boicotear los
productos.
 The Townshend Acts
• Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts in
1767, which put light taxes on lead, paper, paint, and tea.
Among other things, the Acts also suspended New
York’s legislature for failure to comply with the
Quartering Act. This caused greater resistance
throughout the colonies
Charles Townshend, Ministro de Hacienda,
persuadió al Parlamento para que aprobara las
Leyes de Townshend en 1767, que imponían
impuestos ligeros sobre el plomo, el papel, la
pintura y el té. Entre otras cosas, las leyes
también suspendieron la legislatura de Nueva
York por incumplimiento de la Ley de
acuartelamiento. Esto causó una mayor
 The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Form
The King at this time, George III, was 32 years old, a
good person, but a poor ruler who surrounded
himself with “yes men” like Lord North. His actions
ultimately led to more agitation from the colonists

El rey en este momento, Jorge III, tenía 32

King George III años, una buena persona, pero un gobernante
pobre que se rodeaba de "hombres del sí"
como Lord North. Sus acciones finalmente
llevaron a una mayor agitación por parte de
los colonos.

Lord North
As the taxes continued, Committees of
Correspondence began to form in the
colonies- groups of agitators who wrote each
other to keep ahead of the British and keep
the colonists fired up.
Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, began the
first one.

A medida que los impuestos continuaron,

comenzaron a formarse Comités de
Correspondencia en las colonias, grupos de
agitadores que se escribían entre sí para
mantenerse por delante de los británicos y
mantener a los colonos encendidos.
Samuel Adams, de Massachusetts, comenzó el
primero.
 The Boston Massacre
• On the evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd of about 60
townspeople in Boston began to harass 10 Redcoats who were
guarding the Customs House. One was hit in the head, another by
a club. The troops opened fire, wounding or killing eleven
“innocent” citizens.
• En la noche del 5 de marzo de 1770, una multitud de unos 60
habitantes de Boston comenzó a acosar a 10 casacas rojas que
custodiaban la Casa de Aduanas. Uno fue golpeado en la cabeza,
otro por un palo. Las tropas abrieron fuego, hiriendo o matando
a once ciudadanos "inocentes".
 The Boston Tea Party
• In 1773, the powerful British East India Company,
overburdened with 17 million pounds of unsold tea, was
facing bankruptcy.
En 1773, la poderosa Compañía Británica de las Indias
Orientales, sobrecargada con 17 millones de libras de té
sin vender, se enfrentaba a la bancarrota.

The British decided to grant the company a monopoly on

selling tea to the Americans, who were suspicious and felt
that it was a shabby attempt to trick them with the bait of
cheaper tea and paying tax.
Los británicos decidieron conceder a la empresa el
monopolio de la venta de té a los estadounidenses, que
sospechaban y pensaban que era un intento lamentable de
engañarlos con el anzuelo de un té más barato y pagando
impuestos.
 The Boston Tea Party
• On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, led by
Sam Adams, disguised themselves as Indians, opened
342 chests and dumped the tea into Boston Harbor,
thus, the “Boston Tea Party.”

• El 16 de diciembre de 1773, los Hijos de la Libertad,

liderados por Sam Adams, se disfrazaron de indios,
abrieron 342 cofres y arrojaron el té en el puerto de
Boston, por lo tanto, el "Boston Tea Party".
 Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts”

In 1774, by huge majorities, Parliament passed a

series of “Coercive Acts” to punish the colonies,
namely Massachusetts. These were called the
Intolerable Acts by Americans.

En 1774, por gran mayoría, el Parlamento aprobó

una serie de "Actos Coercitivos" para castigar a
las colonias, a saber, Massachusetts. Estos fueron
llamados los Actos intolerables por los
estadounidenses.
 The Intolerable Acts—1774
• Closed the Port of Boston

Cerrado el puerto de Boston

• American town meetings banned; quartering act
enforced
Se prohibieron las reuniones municipales
estadounidenses; acto de acuartelamiento
• Installedejecutado
Military Governor

Gobernador militar instalado

• British officials in trouble sent to England for trial

Funcionarios británicos en problemas enviados

a borders of NY, PA, MA
• Changed
Inglaterra para ser juzgados
The Colonists’ reaction to the Coercive or “Intolerable”
Acts was to call for the First Continental Congress
 56 Delegates
La reacción de  Included George Washington, Patrick
los colonos a las Henry and Sam Adams
leyes coercitivas
o "intolerables"  Direct response to Intolerable Acts
fue convocar al  Point was to determine how to force
Primer Congreso British to repeal the coercive acts
Continental
 56 Delegados
 Incluidos George Washington, Patrick
Henry y Sam Adams
 Respuesta directa a los actos intolerables
 El punto era determinar cómo obligar a
los británicos a derogar los actos
coercitivos.
• The First Continental Congress:
– Philadelphia, Carpenter’s Hall, 1774 Sept 5 -October 26
– Met to discuss Intolerable Acts, other Acts/ Taxes and what
could be done
– 12 of 13 colonies attended
• El Primer Congreso Continental:
• Filadelfia, 5 de septiembre de 1774 al 26 de octubre
• Nos reunimos para discutir sobre actos intolerables,
otros actos / impuestos y lo que se podría hacer.
• 12 de 13 colonias atendidas
• The First Continental Congress:
– Created a list of grievances to be formally introduced in
Parliament (Parliament ignored it)
– Called for COMPLETE boycott of British goods
– Agreed to meet again in May of 1775 if needed
• Creó una lista de quejas que se presentarán formalmente en
el Parlamento (el Parlamento lo ignoró)
• Llamado al boicot COMPLETO de los productos británicos
• Acordó reunirse nuevamente en mayo de 1775 si era
necesario
The “Shot Heard ‘Round the World”
El disparo se escuchó "en todo el mundo"
• In April 1775 Thomas Gage, the
British Governor in Boston, sent a
detachment of troops to nearby
Lexington and Concord to seize
supplies and to capture Sons of
Liberty ringleaders, Sam Adams
and John Hancock.

• En abril de 1775, el comandante

británico en Boston envió un
destacamento de tropas a las
cercanas Lexington y Concord
para apoderarse de suministros y
capturar a los cabecillas de los
Hijos de la Libertad, Sam Adams y
Paul Revere is……Jack Black!
• Minutemen Paul Revere
and Charles Dawes lit out
on their famous “midnight
ride” to alert their fellow
patriots, “The British are
coming! The British are
coming!”
• Minutemen Paul Revere y
Charles Dawes partieron
en su famoso "paseo de
medianoche" para alertar
a sus compañeros
patriotas, "¡Los británicos
vienen! ¡Vienen los
británicos! "
The first encounter was at Lexington, a village
near Boston. Soldiers from the British army
confronted Patriot militia, hoping to scare them
into backing down. Someone fired a shot and
then both sides started shooting; 8 militia were
killed as the Patriots retreated hastily. One
British soldier was also wounded.
El primer encuentro fue en Lexington, un
pueblo cerca de Boston. Los soldados del
ejército británico se enfrentaron a la milicia
patriota, con la esperanza de asustarlos para
que retrocedieran. Alguien disparó un tiro y
luego ambos lados comenzaron a disparar; 8
milicianos murieron cuando los Patriots se
retiraron apresuradamente. Un soldado
The British then proceeded to Concord- the
outcome here was quite different. 100
British regulars found themselves facing
400 militiamen at North Bridge. Greatly
outnumbered, the British were forced to
retreat back along the road to Boston, with
more and more minutemen joining the fight
along the way.
Los británicos luego se dirigieron a Concord;
el resultado aquí fue bastante diferente. 100
soldados británicos se encontraron frente a
400 milicianos en North Bridge. Muy
superados en número, los británicos se vieron
obligados a retirarse por el camino a Boston,
con más y más minuteros uniéndose a la
 Imperial Strength and Weakness
– With war broken open, Britain had the heavy advantage:
1. 7.5 million people to America’s 2 million
2. superior naval power
3. overwhelming national wealth.
– Con la guerra abierta, Gran Bretaña tenía la gran ventaja:
7,5 millones de personas contra los 2 millones de Estados Unidos;
poder naval superior ; abrumadora riqueza nacional.

• Some 30,000 Hessians (German• Unos 30.000 hessianos

mercenaries) were also hired by
George III, in addition to a
professional army of about
50,000 men, plus about 50,000
American loyalists and many
Native Americans.
(mercenarios alemanes)
también fueron contratados
por Jorge III, además de un
ejército profesional de unos
50.000 hombres, más unos
50.000 leales estadounidenses
y muchos nativos americanos.
 Disadvantages for Britain
– Britain’s officers were second-rate, and its soldiers were
often brutally treated.
– Provisions were often scarce, plus Britain was fighting a
war some 3,000 miles away from home-an extremely long
supply line.
– America was also expansive, and there was no single capital
to capture and therefore cripple the country.
– Los oficiales británicos eran de segunda categoría y sus
soldados a menudo eran tratados brutalmente.
– Las provisiones a menudo eran escasas, además de que Gran
Bretaña estaba librando una guerra a unas 3.000 millas de
casa, una línea de suministro extremadamente larga.
– Estados Unidos también era expansivo y no había una sola
capital que capturar y, por lo tanto, paralizar al país.
 American Pluses and Minuses
ADVANTAGES
• Americans had great leaders like
George Washington (giant
general), and Ben Franklin
(smooth diplomat).

• Los estadounidenses tenían

grandes líderes como George
Washington (general gigante) y
Ben Franklin (diplomático
suave).
 American Pluses and Minuses
• They also had French aid (indirect and secretly), as the
French provided the Americans with guns, supplies,
gunpowder, etc…
• The Marquis de Lafayette, at age 19, was made a
major general in the colonial army and was a great asset.
• También contaban con ayuda francesa (indirecta y en
secreto), ya que los franceses proporcionaban a los
estadounidenses armas, suministros, pólvora, etc.
• El marqués de Lafayette, a los 19 años, fue nombrado
general de división del ejército colonial y fue una gran
ventaja.
 Disadvantages
• Jealousy was prevalent, as colonies resented the
Continental Congress’ attempt at exercising power.
• Sectional jealousy boiled up over the appointment of
military leaders; some New Englanders almost
preferred British officers to Americans from other
colonies.
• Los celos prevalecieron, ya que las colonias resintieron
el intento del Congreso Continental de ejercer el poder.
• Los celos seccionales se encendieron por el
nombramiento de líderes militares; algunos habitantes
de Nueva Inglaterra casi preferían a los oficiales
británicos a los estadounidenses de otras colonias.
 Disadvantages
• A weak central authority running the war effort.
• Americans had little money. Inflation also hit families
of soldiers hard, and made many people poor.
• Virtually NO navy.
• Una autoridad central débil que dirige el esfuerzo
bélico.
• Los estadounidenses tenían poco dinero. La inflación
también afectó duramente a las familias de los soldados
y empobreció a muchas personas.
• Prácticamente NO azul marino.
 Terms to know:
• Patriot or “Yankee:” American colonist fighting for independence
• Loyalist: American colonist fighting on the side of the British
• Redcoat: British regular soldier
• Militia: Volunteer fighter, trained when not working. This includes the
“Minutemen”
• Mercenary: Soldier paid to fight for another country
• Ally, Alliance: A country that makes a formal agreement to mutual aid;
alliance is the agreement itself
• Congress: A meeting, usually with a defined and formal purpose
• Treason: Betrayal of one’s country, in word or action
• Petition: a formal request of a government or authority.
• After the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord in April
of 1775, about 20,000 Minutemen swarmed around
Boston, where they outnumbered the British.

• The Second Continental Congress met in

Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with no real hope for
independence, but merely a desire to continue fighting
in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent
to a redress of grievances.

• The Olive Branch Petition was sent in July of 1775,

accompanied by Benjamin Franklin

• Most Important action: George Washington chosen to

command the army.
 Second Continental Congress

 May 1775
 Decided to officially
separate from Britain
 Committee selected to draft
the reasons for separation
 Thomas Jefferson selected to
write document
 Met in Philadelphia
Battle of Bunker Hill – June, 1775
• Bunker Hill is located near
Boston Harbor. Most of the
fighting took place on Breed’s
Hill, nearby
 Red Coats victorious in third

charge
 Americans ran out of
ammunition
 Moral victory for American
Army
 Bunker Hill
 Costliest battle for British during entire war
 British casualties 1,054
 American casualties 441
 British began to get nervous
 Washington
took command
of the army
two weeks
after this battle
• After Bunker Hill, George III declared the colonies to
be in open rebellion.

• The king then hired about 30,000 German mercenaries,

(called Hessians as most of them came from Hesse)

Patriot Redcoat Hessian

• In October 1775, the British
burned Falmouth (Portland),
Maine.
• The colonists decided that
invading Canada would add a 14th
colony and deprive Britain of a
valuable base for striking at the
colonies in revolt. Initially
successful, this attempt ultimately
failed.
• In January 1776, the British set fire
to Norfolk, Virginia, but in March,
they were finally forced to
evacuate Boston.
 Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense
• In 1776, Thomas Paine of MA published the
pamphlet Common Sense, which urged
colonials to stop this war of inconsistency,
stop pretending loyalty, and just fight .
• Paine argued, among other things, that
nowhere in the universe did a smaller body
control a larger one.
• He stated that there should be a “republic”
where representative senators, governors, and
judges should have their power from the
consent of the people.
 The Declaration of Independence
 After much debate in Congress, the
Declaration was written by
Thomas Jefferson
 Document listed rights and grievances
against King George III
 Paine’s ideas heavily influenced Jefferson’s
writing
 The writings of John Locke, a British
political philosopher, were another major
influence and Jefferson quoted them
liberally.
Lo c k e
 The Declaration of Independence

 John Hancock first to sign, in large print

 Anyone who signed it and was caught would be
hanged for treason
 “We must all now
Hancock hang together, or most assuredly we will all
hang separately."
—Benjamin Franklin
 Battle of Trenton—1776
 Surprise attack the day after Christmas
 Washington crossed the Delaware at Valley Forge
 Approximately 1000 German soldiers fighting for the British captured
More Significant Battles

• Saratoga
• Winter at Valley Forge

• Yorktown
• Were blend of successes and
failures for American Army
 Battle of Saratoga – 1777

 The turning point of the war

 The biggest American victory at the time
 Approximately 5,000 British surrender to
Washington
 French now willing to support Patriots
 Battle of Saratoga – 1777
 After the American victory, both
Britain and France changed their
policies.
 Britain offered everything the

Americans wanted before the war.

(except independence)
 Feb. 1778 France offered an alliance,
which the Americans accepted as it
included recognition of their new
nation.
 France declared war on Britain the next
month
 Valley Forge – 1777-1778
 American Army out of food and
clothing; Supplies ran out and
many died
 Took shelter @Valley Forge
while the British occupied
Philadelphia
 Washington appealed to
Congress for help
 Some deserters were shot
 Low point for American Army
 Valley Forge – 1777-1778
 The Marquis de Lafayette joined Washington
as an aide; Friedrich von Steuben drilled the
troops, teaching them military discipline
 Yorktown
 October 19, 1781- the last
great battle of the war. Pinned
in by American and French
Naval fleets, approximately
8,700 British troops
surrendered
 General Benjamin Lincoln
accepted the surrender sword
 The rest of the world was
astonished at this outcome!
 The Treaty of Paris
 1783: The Treaty of Paris officially ends the
Revolutionary War
 Fighting ends 1784
 The Treaty of Paris—1783
• Officially ended the AmericanRevolution
• Set many geographic borders, including U.S.
and Canada
• Florida was returned to Spain
• British merchants must be paid for lost items
• Loyalists must be paid for lost property
 The Aftermath:

• Some Loyalists were “tarred

and feathered” and put on
ships bound for Canada or
Great Britain; but most were
treated well and many simply
faded into the background.
 The Articles of Confederation

• Written by John Dickson in 1777

• Ratified in 1781
• Governed Americans in 1781-1787
• Paved way for new Constitution
 Strengths Weaknesses
Congress could… • NO President (Executive)
• Wage war • NO Army
• Issue money • NO Courts (Judicial)
• Sign treaties (make peace) • NO Taxing Power (monetary problems)
• Set up post offices • No power to enforce laws (regulate trade)
• Appoint ambassadors • States were sovereign
• Settle conflicts between • One vote per state regardless of
states population
• 9/13 states to pass a law
• 13/13 states to amend (make changes)
Effects/Results/Outcomes

Northwest Ordinance of
1787
– Set up rules for
statehood once 60,000
people

– Outlawed slavery in
new states (Northwest
territories)

– Free education in new

states
 Effects/Results/Outcomes
Shays’ Rebellion
• Led by former Continental
army captain Daniel Shays
• Farmers wanted government to
stop taking their land
• Formed an army that attacked
local militias
• Made Americans frightened of
more uprisings.
• Showed that the Articles could
not protect them.