Test, Measurement and

Evaluation in Physical Education

PROGRAM: MSc (HPE)
Semester: 3rd
Credit Hours : 03
Muhammad Arafat (PhD Scholar)
marafat1313@aup.edu.pk
Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education 1
Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
Unit 03;
Introduction to Statistics:
Z-Score, T- Score, and Correlation

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 Learning Outcomes

Students would be able to learn and gain knowledge about;

 Z- Score, T- Score, and Correlation

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 Weekly Teaching Plan

Assignm
Week
Topic ents/
No
Quizzes
03 a) Z-Score, T-Score, and
Correlation

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 CHAPTER #03
Introduction to Statistics
Lecture 09
WEEK #03

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 Z-Score

A z-score describes the position of a raw score in terms of its

distance from the mean, when measured in standard deviation
units. The z-score is positive if the value lies above the mean,
and negative if it lies below the mean. It is also known as a
standard score, because it allows comparison of scores on
different kinds of variables by standardizing the distribution.
A standard normal distribution (SND) is a normally shaped
distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation (SD) of 1.
 Why Z-Score

It is useful to standardized the values (raw scores) of a normal

distribution by converting them into z-scores because:
(a) it allows researchers to calculate the probability of a score
occurring within a standard normal distribution;
(b) It enables us to compare two scores that are from different
samples (which may have different means and standard
deviations).
 Formula for Z-score

The formula for calculating a z-score is:

z = (x-μ)/σ
where x is the raw score, μ is the population mean, and σ is the
population standard deviation.
• As the formula shows, the z-score is simply the raw score
minus the population mean, divided by the population
standard deviation.
• When the population mean and the population standard
deviation are unknown, the standard score may be calculated
using the sample mean (x̄ ) and sample standard deviation (s)
as estimates of the population values.
 Example

Example : let, your score in test is 1100. The mean score for the
test is 1026 and the standard deviation is 209. How well did
your score on the test compared to the average test taker?
z = (x-μ)/σ
z = (100-1026)/ 209
z = 0.354.
This means that your score is 0.354 standard deviations above
the mean.
 T-Score

A t-score is one form of a standardized test statistic. The t score

formula enables you to take an individual score and transform it
into a standardized form, which helps you to compare scores.
We will use the t-score formula when you don’t know the
population standard deviation and you have a small sample
(under 30).
 Formula for T-score

Formula for t-score:

t = (X – μ) / s/√(n)

x = the sample mean

μ = the population mean
s = the sample standard deviation
n = the size of the sample
 Example

Example:
Let suppose a sample selected from a population who's mean,
sample standard deviation, population mean, and sample size
are as follows;
What is the probability that the mean will be more than 280?
x̄ = sample mean = 280
μ0 = population mean = 300
s = sample standard deviation = 50
n = sample size = 15
t = (280 – 300)/ (50/√15) = -20 / 12.909945 = -1.549
df = n-1 = 15-1 = 14
t = -1.549
Probability = 0.0718
 Correlation

Correlation:
• Correlation means the degree of interdependence between
two variables. OR
• The interdependence between two variables is known as
correlation.
• For example: Height of the children and age of the children
increases simultaneously.
• If the car numbers increases automatically the fuel
consumption is expected to increase.
• The correlation among some variables is positive and in
some variables negative.
 Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficient:
The correlation coefficient numerically measured the degree of
interdependence between two variables.
It is denoted by ρ for population data and by r for sample data.
The range of the coefficient is from -1 to +1.
Formula :
 Degrees of Correlation

Type of Correlation Correlation Coefficient

Perfect Positive r=1

Perfect Negative r = -1

No Correlation r=0

Imperfect Positive Correlation 0<r<1

Imperfect Negative Correlation -1 < r < 0

 Partial Correlation

Partial Correlation:
Partial correlation is the relationship between two variables
while controlling for a third variable or variables. The purpose
is to find the specific correlation between two variables while
eliminating the correlation with the third variable.
 Formula for Partial Correlation
Coefficient

Formula for Partial Correlation Coefficient:

In the above formulas the r12.3 means that we are finding the correlation
between variable 1 and 2 while keeping the variable 3 constant. In the second
equation, r13.2 means that we are finding the correlation between variable 1
and 3 while keeping the variable 2 constant. In equation 3, we are trying to
find the correlation between variable 2 and 3 while keeping variable 1
constant.
 Example of Bivariate Correlation

x y x2 y2 xy
1 2 1 4 2
2 5 4 25 10
3 3 9 9 9
4 8 16 64 32
5 7 25 49 35
15 25 55 151 88
 Solution

=0.8

r= 0.8
The value of r is 0.8 which shows the strong positive correlation between X and Y
 Example of Partial Correlation

x1 x2 x3
23 3 45
34 5 56
56 7 66
78 9 67
45 8 56
77 10 45
34 14 34
67 23 34
89 30 23
98 40 12
 Solution

Solution:
When the necessary calculations are made and the values are
put in the formulas, we get the following values.
r13.2 = .658 (Correlation between X1 and X3 while keeping
X2 constant.
r23.1 = .908 (Correlation between X2 and X3 while keeping
X1 constant)
r12.3 = .835(Correlation between X1 and X2 while keeping X3
constant.
Thank You