Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHAT IS RESEARCH ?

Research is the creation of new knowledge

and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new
and creative way so as to generate new
concepts, methodologies and understandings.
This could include synthesis and analysis of
previous research to the extent that it leads to
new and creative outcomes.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

-ACCORDING TO WALTZ AND BAUSELL :

Research comprises defining and redefining

problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solution.

Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and

precise process employed to gain solutions to
problems or to discover and interpret new facts
and relationships."

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

According to Clifford Woody

Research is Collecting, Organizing and

Evaluating data, making deductions and
reaching Conclusions to determine they fit the
formulating hypothesis."

According to John Best

:
Research is a systematic activity directed
towards discovery and the development of an
organized body of knowledge."
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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

NATURE AND SCOPE OF

RESEARCH

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

1) Systematic Activity

Research follows a systematic procedure to

analyze a research problem in a better way. A
research cannot be conducted in a haphazard
manner. A researcher can come to a step only
when the previous one completed.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

2) Logical Process

The basic tenet of research is logic. All the

assumptions and analyses undertaken are
based on certain logic. Research is a scientific,
systematic, and planned investigation to
understand the underlying problem.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

3) Iterative Process

Research is an iterative process. Sometimes it

becomes necessary for the researcher to
review the work of earlier stages, which makes
it cyclic in nature. Often it becomes harder for
the researcher to find out the starting and
ending points.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

4) Based on Empirical Evidences

Research studies are empirical in nature. Every

step in research is carried-out using various
scientific tools and techniques. Every step in
research is checked for accuracy and is based
on observable experiences or empirical
evidences. Therefore, quantitative research is
easier to validate than qualitative research,
which is more conceptual in nature.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

5) Controlled In Nature

The researchers often control the effect of

variables by allowing only some variables to
vary so that their effect can be tested. Due to
this reason, controlling the variables in a
scientific research is much easier than
controlling the factors in a social research.
Hence in research, it is very essential to control
the variables carefully.

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A

LITERATURE REVIEW?

 When you write a thesis, dissertation, or

research paper, you will likely have to
conduct a literature review to situate your
research within existing knowledge.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

The literature review gives you a chance to:

 Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its
scholarly context
 Develop a theoretical framework and methodology
for your research
 Position your work in relation to other researchers
and theorists
 Show how your research addresses a gap or
contributes to a debate
 Evaluate the current state of research and
demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly
debates around your topic.
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EXAMPLES OF LITERATURE
REVIEWS

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Example literature review #1:

“Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” (
Theoretical literature review about the development of economic
migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
Example literature review #2:
“Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and gu
idelines”
(Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary
knowledge acquisition and production.)
Example literature review #3:
“The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literatur
e Review”
(Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on
language acquisition.)
Example literature review #4:
“Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Langua
ge Learning:
Public A Literature
Safety Officers Candidate Course Review”
 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHAT IS A RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK?

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

-A research framework is a set of concepts,

principles, and guidelines that shape and guide
your research process. It helps you to define
your research problem, objectives, questions,
hypotheses, assumptions, and limitations. It
also helps you to choose your research design,
methods, data collection, analysis, and
interpretation. A research framework can be
derived from a theory, a model, a paradigm, or
a perspective.

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHY IS A RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK IMPORTANT?

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

 It provides a clear and coherent structure for

your research project.
 It helps you to avoid confusion,
inconsistency, and bias in your research.
 It also helps you to communicate your
research to others, such as your
supervisors, peers, reviewers, and readers.
 A research framework can help you to justify
your research choices, demonstrate your
contribution, and evaluate your results.

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

TYPES OF RESEARCH

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

APPLIED RESEARCH
It is a scientific study that seek to solve various
practical problems in the day to day life. It find
answers or solutions to everyday problems,
cure illness, develop innovative technologies
etc.
For example-
1. Improve agricultural crop production
2. Treat or cure specific disease
3. Improve energy efficiency of homes,
offices, modes of transportation.
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BASIC RESEARCH

 It is called as Fundamental or Pure

research. It Expands the person's
knowledge.
 This type of research is not going to create
or invent anything new. Instead, it is based
on Basic science investigation.
For example-
1. How did universe begin?
2. What are protons?
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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

The relationship among 2 or more variables

without necessarily determining the cause and
effect is known as correlational research.
For example-
1. Correlation between job satisfaction and job
performance.
2. Correlation between physical and mental
health and job performance.

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Advantages
1. It is easy to collect much information from
many subjects at single time.
2. Wide range of variables and their
interrelations.
3. Study variables are not easily produced in
the laboratory.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Disadvantages
1. Does not indicate causation (cause and
effect)
2. Problems with self reporting method.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

This type of research provides accurate

portrayal of characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or group. Also known as
statistical research. It deals with everything that
can be counted and studied which have an
impact on the lives of people.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Advantages
1. Less expensive, time consuming
2. Collect a large amount of notes for detailed
studying.

Disadvantages
1. Require more skills
2. Does not identify cause behind the
research.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

 This type of research involves investigation

of a culture through an in-depth study of
members of culture.
 It involves systematic collection, description,
analysis of data for development of theories
of cultural behavior.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

 There are anthropological studies that

studies people, ethnic group, ethnic
formations and social welfare
characteristics.
 It is done on the basis of observations,
interviews, questionnaire and data
collection.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

 This study involves objective, systematic,

controlled investigation for purpose of
predicting and controlling the phenomena.
 It also includes examining the probability
and causality among variables.

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Advantage
 Best in establishing the cause and effect
relationships
Disadvantages
 Artificiality
 Feasibility
 Unethical

Variables
There will be two variables- Dependent and
Independent
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EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
 This type of research will be conducted for a
problem that has not been clearly defined.
 It helps to determine the best research design,
data collection method and selection of
subjects.
 It is quite informal relying on the secondary
research.

Example:
Online marketing and exploring through different
sites
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GROUND THEORY RESEARCH

 It studies about the problems existing in a
given social environment and how people
involved handles them.
 It operates almost in a reverse fashion from
traditional research and involves 4 stages-
Codes, Concepts, Categories and Theory

For Example
Creating a situation and looking at how people
react to it

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

 Research involving analysis of events that

occurred in the remote or recent past.
 Application- Understanding this can add
perspective on how we can examine the
current situation.

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PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH

It aim to describe an experience that has been

actually lived by a person.

For example-
A person suffering from cancer, quality of life of
the patient at that point of time.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Involving numbers and quantifying the
results mathematically in numbers.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Difficult or impossible to quantify
mathematically such as beliefs, meanings,
attributes and symbols. It aims to gather an
in-depth understanding of human behavior.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHAT ARE THE

DIFFERENT METHODS OF
DATA COLLECTION?

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

The following are seven primary methods of

collecting data in business analytics.
• Surveys
• Transactional Tracking
• Interviews and Focus Groups
• Observation
• Online Tracking
• Forms
• Social Media Monitoring

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

TWO METHODS OF DATA

COLLECTION

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Data collection breaks down into two methods.

As a side note, many terms, such as
techniques, methods, and types, are
interchangeable and depending on who uses
them. One source may call data collection
techniques “methods,” for instance. But
whatever labels we use, the general concepts
and breakdowns apply across the board
whether we’re talking about marketing analysis
or a scientific research project

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

PRIMARY
As the name implies, this is original, first-hand
data collected by the data researchers. This
process is the initial information gathering step,
performed before anyone carries out any
further or related research. Primary data results
are highly accurate provided the researcher
collects the information. However, there’s a
downside, as first-hand research is potentially
time-consuming and expensive.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

SECONDARY
 Secondary data is second-hand data
collected by other parties and already having
undergone statistical analysis.
 This data is either information that the
researcher has tasked other people to
collect or information the researcher has
looked up. Simply put, it’s second-hand
information.

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SECONDARY
 Although it’s easier and cheaper to obtain
than primary information, secondary
information raises concerns regarding
accuracy and authenticity.
 Quantitative data makes up a majority of
secondary data.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

SPECIFIC DATA
COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

1. INTERVIEWS
 The researcher asks questions of a large
sampling of people, either by direct
interviews or means of mass communication
such as by phone or mail.
 This method is by far the most common
means of data gathering.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

2. PROJECTIVE DATA GATHERING

 Projective data gathering is an indirect
interview, used when potential respondents
know why they're being asked questions and
hesitate to answer.
 For instance, someone may be reluctant to
answer questions about their phone service
if a cell phone carrier representative poses
the questions.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

 With projective data gathering, the

interviewees get an incomplete question,
and they must fill in the rest, using their
opinions, feelings, and attitudes.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

3. DELPHI TECHNIQUE
 The Oracle at Delphi, according to Greek
mythology, was the high priestess of Apollo’s
temple, who gave advice, prophecies, and
counsel.
 In the realm of data collection, researchers
use the Delphi technique by gathering
information from a panel of experts.
 Each expert answers questions in their field
of specialty, and the replies are consolidated
into a single opinion.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

4. FOCUS GROUPS
 Focus groups, like interviews, are a
commonly used technique.
 The group consists of anywhere from a half-
dozen to a dozen people, led by a
moderator, brought together to discuss the
issue.

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5. QUESTIONNAIRES
 Questionnaires are a simple, straightforward
data collection method.
 Respondents get a series of questions,
either open or close-ended, related to the
matter at hand.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

5. QUESTIONNAIRES
 Questionnaires are a simple, straightforward
data collection method.
 Respondents get a series of questions,
either open or close-ended, related to the
matter at hand.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

Unlike primary data collection, there are no
specific collection methods. Instead, since the
information has already been collected, the
researcher consults various data sources, such
as:
Financial Statements
Sales Reports
Retailer/Distributor/Deal Feedback
Customer Personal Information (e.g., name,
address, age, contact info)
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DATA COLLECTION TOOLS

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

1. WORD ASSOCIATION
The researcher gives the respondent a set of
words and asks them what comes to mind
when they hear each word.

2. SENTENCE COMPLETION
Researchers use sentence completion to
understand what kind of ideas the respondent
has. This tool involves giving an incomplete
sentence and seeing how the interviewee
finishes it.
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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

3. ROLE-PLAYING
Respondents are presented with an imaginary
situation and asked how they would act or react
if it was real.
4. IN-PERSON SURVEYS
The researcher asks questions in person.
5. ONLINE/WEB SURVEYS
These surveys are easy to accomplish, but
some users may be unwilling to answer
truthfully, if at all.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

6. MOBILE SURVEYS
These surveys take advantage of the
increasing proliferation of mobile technology.
Mobile collection surveys rely on mobile
devices like tablets or smartphones to conduct
surveys via SMS or mobile apps.
7. PHONE SURVEYS
No researcher can call thousands of people at
once, so they need a third party to handle the
chore. However, many people have call
screening and won’t answer.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

8. OBSERVATION
Sometimes, the simplest method is the best.
Researchers who make direct observations
collect data quickly and easily, with little
intrusion or third-party bias. Naturally, it’s only
effective in small-scale situations.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

PRELIMINARIES OF A
RESEARCH PAPER

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Preliminary pages are, in order, the title page; copyright

page; statement of thesis/dissertation approval;
abstract; dedication (optional); frontispiece (optional);
epigraph (optional); table of contents; lists of tables,
figures, symbols, and abbreviations (necessary only in
certain situations); and acknowledgments (optional).

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

IMRaD Format
(INTRODUCTION, METHODS, RESULTS and
DISCUSSION)
Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Dedication iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Abstract viii

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
Definition of Terms

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Chapter 2
METHODS
Research Design
Respondents
Sampling Techniques
Instruments
Construction and Validation of the Instruments
Administration and Retrieval of the Instrument
Statistical Treatment

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Chapter 3
RESULTS
Tables, Figures, Text (Presented in the same order)
as the research questions/problems)
Analysis of Data

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Chapter 4
DISCUSSION
Summary of Findings
Conclusion
Recommendation

REFERENCES
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

CONCEPT PAPER
FORMULATION

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

It is used to generate feedback and guidance

from a program officer before a full grant
proposal is developed. In most cases, the
program officer will be, or will have been, a
researcher, clinician, or scholar, like yourself.
Before you start writing, think about the Golden
Rule and the kind of project summary you’d like
to read. Avoid forced, “grantsmanship”
language, and communicate your ideas in a
simple, direct manner. Also, read your
sponsor’s mission statement.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

DESIGN YOUR PAPER TO ANSWER THESE

QUESTIONS:

1. What’s the problem?

 State the problem/gap in a manner that’s
concise and demonstrates your grasp of the
literature.
 If you’re proposing a research project, state
the research objective(s).

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

2. Who cares? (This question has both

figurative and literal meanings.)
 What is the significance of the project in
terms of both advancing knowledge and
benefiting the public?
 Who/which group(s) will benefit from the
research?

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3. What exactly are you going to do? (How will

you address the problem?)
 Provide goals/specific aims.
 What is the study design? For problems
involving data samples, how do you know
that the sample size is adequate?
 Provide a statement about your access to
the population, if applicable.
 Communicate why you are ideally suited to
tackle this specific problem and/or what is
unique about your approach.
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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

4. What will the deliverables be?

 The deliverables can include intangibles as
well as tangibles.
 Examples: outreach events, grant
applications, trained individuals/groups, new
or improved products, patents, partnerships,
paradigms, process improvement,
dissemination products, etc.

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5. How will you know you’ve achieved your

goals?
 The evaluation section is often a critical part
of an application.
 While you may not need to discuss this
aspect of the project to generate a positive
response from a program officer, doing so
may lead to valuable feedback.

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6. Who are your team members? (May not be

applicable.)

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STATISTICAL TOOLS

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Statistical methods and analytical tools help

collect and analyze samples of data to identify
patterns and trends. These insights help make
predictions that can be useful in making
strategic business decisions. Statistical
analysis tools are also effective at analyzing,
describing, summarizing, and comparing data
of different organizations in the same industry.

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1. Mean
Mean is an important method for performing
statistical analysis and presents the average data
to provide a common measure of central tendency.

The formula for mean is as follows:

Mean = (sum of all values) / (total number of
values in the data set) :

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For example, to find the mean for the values 2,

4, 6, 8, and 10, follow these steps:

Summation: Add all the different values in the

data set (2+4+6+8+10) to find 30.

Division: Divide the total value (30) by the

total number of values in the data set (5) to
yield 6. The mean of the above data set is 6.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

2. Standard deviation
Standard deviation is the measure of the spread of a
data set. The degree of variance of the data set is the
average square of the difference between the mean
value and each data value. Standard deviation is the
spread of data values around the mean or average
data. The formula for standard deviation is:
σ = √(∑x−¯x)2 /n)
Where "σ," = standard deviation is where
"Σ" = sum of the data
"x" = the value of the data set.
“n” = number of data points in the population.
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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

3. Hypothesis testing
A hypothesis is a claim or assumption about a data
set. Hypothesis testing is a standard process to
draw conclusions about the property of a population
parameter or a population probability distribution. It's
also called T Testing and is helpful while testing the
two sets of random variables within the data set.
Hypotheses testing compares the data against
various hypotheses and assumptions and assists in
forecasting and decision-making.

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The formula for hypothesis testing is:

H0: P = 0.5
H1: P ≠ 0.5

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4. Regression
Regression is the relationship between a
dependent variable and an independent variable.
Researchers and statisticians use it to explain how
one variable influences another or how the
changes in a variable trigger change in another.
Regression analysis graphs and charts can help
show the relationships between the variables and
trends over a specific amount of time.

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4. Regression

The formula for regression is:

Y = a + b(x) + Є
Where:
"Y" = dependent variable
"x" = independent variable
"a“ = stands for the intercept
"b“ = slope
"Є" = denotes the regression residual.

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5. Sample size determination

In statistics, it is critical to determine the right size
of the sample to get accurate results and
predictions. In most cases, businesses have a
large amount of data to process and analyze and
may study only a part of it in greater detail.
Statisticians determine the correct sample size by
considering factors like cost, time, or
convenience.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

6. Variance
Variance in statistics refers to the expected
deviation between values in a specific data set.
Businesses use this to measure the average
value and volatility of the market and the
stability of a specific investment return within a
period. It's helpful in the mathematical sense to
analyze data, but to use the insights gathered
from variance, you may have to take the
square root of the sample variance. It simply
measures the variability of data from the
average
.
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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

To calculate it, take the differences between each

number in the data set and the mean. Then
square the difference in the number to make
them positive. Finally, divide the sum of the
squares by the number of values.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

The formula for variance is:

σ² = ∑(x−xˉ)2 / (n−1)
Where:
"σ²" = illustrates variance,
"σ" = standard deviation,
"x“ = represents the ith data point
"xˉ" = mean value of all data points
"n" = the number of data points.

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHAT IS DATA ANALYSIS?

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 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Data analysis is described “as the process of

bringing order, structure, and meaning” to the
collected data. The data analysis aims to
unearth patterns or regularities by observing,
exploring, organizing, transforming, and
modelling the collected data.

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There are several data analysis tools available. Some of

those are:
• Python
•R
• SAS
• Apache Spark
• Tableau
• Power BI
• QlikView
• Microsoft Excel
• KNIME
• RapidMiner
• Solver
• OpenRefine
• NodeXL
• io
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FIVE TYPES OF DATA

ANALYSIS

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1. Descriptive Analysis
 The foundation step simply looks at the past
data and tells what has happened in the past. It
captures and summarizes the past using
measures of central tendency, measures of
dispersion, visualizing using dashboards.
 This analysis helps understand how the data is
present and does not make any predictions or
answers why something has happened.
 It is useful for generating reports, tracking Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs), sales leads, and
revenue reports.

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2. Diagnostic Analysis

 Helps dig further by creating detailed,

informative, dynamic and interactive
dashboards
 It separates the root cause of the problem
and identifies the source of the patterns. It is
also useful in anomaly detection.
 It can be applied to determine which factors
led to improvement in sales

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3. Predictive Analysis
 Predicts the likelihood of an event, forecasting
any measurable amount, risk assessment, and
segmenting customers into groups.
 Since it forecasts the occurrence of an event,
it employs probability.
 Along with the previous summarized and root
cause analysis, the models use statistics and
machine learning algorithms for predicting
future outcomes.

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4. Prescriptive Analysis
 Prescribes the best course of action,
strategies. The prescriptive analysis is not
predicting one individual standalone event
but a collection of future events using
simulation and optimization.
 It is heavily applied in the financial, social
media, marketing, and transportation
domains. Its uses are varied from
recommending products or movies to
suggesting which strategies to use to reap
maximum returns and minimize risk.
Public Safety Officers Candidate Course
 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

5. Cognitive Analysis
 It combines technologies such as artificial
intelligence, semantics, machine learning, and
deep learning algorithms.
 It learns and even generates data using the
already available data and retrieves features
and hidden patterns.
 Real-time data cognitive analysis is heavily
employed in
image classification and segmentation,
detection of objects, machine translations,
virtual assistants, and chatbots
Public Safety Officers Candidate Course
 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHAT IS DATA
INTERPRETATION?

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

It is the process of assigning meaning to the

processed and analyzed data. It enables us to
make informed and meaningful conclusions,
implications, infer the significance between the
relationships of variables and explain the
patterns in the data.

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

THERE ARE TWO

PRIMARY TECHNIQUES
AVAILABLE TO
UNDERSTAND AND
INTERPRET THE DATA

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Quantitative Methods
The quantitative data interpretation technique is
applicable for the measurable or numerical type
of data. The numerical data is of two types:

Discrete: countable, finite quantities. Eg: the

number of ice-creams
Continuous: not countable. Eg: height,
weight, time, speed, humidity, temperature

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Qualitative Methods
Qualitative methods are implemented to analyze
the textual and the descriptive data called the
categorical data. Text data is usually unstructured.
The qualitative data is subdivided further based on
their characteristics:
Nominal: The attributes have no ranking or order
Ex: Region, Gender, Classes in school
Ordinal: The attributes are ranked or ordered in a
sequence. Ex: Grades
Binary: It has only two categories. Either yes or
no, Class 1 or 0.
Public Safety Officers Candidate Course
 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN DATA ANALYSIS
AND INTERPRETATION?

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Data Analysis Data Interpretation

Data interpretation is the process of

Data analysis is the process of
assigning meaning to the data. It
Meaning uncovering patterns and
involves explaining those discovered
trends in the data.
patterns and trends in the data.

Data analysis comes first,

Data interpretation is the next
Chronology followed by data
proceeding step after data analysis.
interpretation.

The five types of data analysis

are Descriptive Analysis,
The data interpretation methods are
Types/ Diagnostic Analysis, Predictive
Quantitative Methods and Qualitative
Methods Analysis, Prescriptive
Methods.
Analysis, and Cognitive
Analysis.

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

Data interpretation is
To summarize,
required because the
condense data in a
numbers can not speak for
Why is it comprehensible and
themselves. It needs
needed? usable form for further
manual human intervention
advanced analytics and
to understand what the
prediction.
numbers are saying.

For example, the top 5

teams in terms of the An example of interpretation
winning Percentages are is what does it imply 95% of
Example
Real Madrid, Barcelona, the population lies within the
Atletico Madrid, Valencia, range of 136.54 to 143.45.
and Athletic Bilbao.

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course

 Module: I General Subjects- Research and Statistics

END OF PRESENTATION

Public Safety Officers Candidate Course