CPA1L8 1

An lnLroducLlon Lo Cell 8lology

lnLroducLlon
W Cells are Lhe Loplc of lnLense sLudy
W 1he sLudy of cells requlres creaLlve
lnsLrumenLs and Lechnlques
W Cell blology ls teJoctloolst based on Lhe
premlse LhaL sLudylng Lhe parLs of Lhe whole
can explaln Lhe characLer of Lhe whole
11 1he ulscovery of Cells (1)
W 1he dlscovery of cells
followed form Lhe
lnvenLlon of Lhe
m|croscope by 8oberL
Pooke and lLs
reflnemenL by AnLon
Leewenhoek
1he ulscovery of Cells (2)
W e|| theory was arLlculaLed ln Lhe mld1800s
by Schlelden Schwann and vlrchow
All organlsms are composed or one or more cell
1he cell ls Lhe sLrucLural unlL of llfe
Cells arlse from preexlsLlng cells by dlvlslon
12 8aslc roperLles of Cells (1)
W Llfe ls Lhe mosL baslc
properLy of cells
W Cells can grow and
reproduce ln culLure for
exLended perlods
PeLa cells are culLured
Lumor cells lsolaLed form
a cancer paLlenL
(PenrleLLa Lacks) by
Ceorge Cey ln 1931
CulLured cells are an
essenLlal Lool for cell
blologlsLs
8aslc roperLles of Cells (2)
W Cells Are Plghly Complex and Crganlzed
Cellular processes are hlghly regulaLed
Cells from dlfferenL specles share slmllar sLrucLure
composlLlon and meLabollc feaLures LhaL have been
conserved LhroughouL evoluLlon
8aslc roperLles of Cells (2)
8aslc roperLles of Cells (3)
W Cells osses a CeneLlc rogram and Lhe Means
Lo use lL
Cenes encode lnformaLlon Lo bulld each cell ad
Lhe organlsm
Cenes encode lnformaLlon for cellular
reproducLlon acLlvlLy and sLrucLure
Levels of cellular and molecular organlzaLlon
8aslc roperLles of Cells (4)
W Cells Are Capable of
roduclng More of
1hemselves
Cells reproduce and
each daughLer cells
recelves a compleLe seL
of geneLlc lnsLrucLlons
8aslc roperLles of Cells (3)
W Cells Acqulre and uLlllze Lnergy
hoLosynLhesls provldes fuel for all llvlng
organlsms
Anlmal cells derlve energy from Lhe producLs of
phoLosynLhesls malnly ln Lhe form of glucose
Cell can converL glucose lnLo A1a subsLance
wlLh readlly avallable energy
8aslc roperLles of Cells (6)
W Cells Acqulre and uLlllze
Lnergy
W Cells Carry CuL a varleLy
of Chemlcal 8eacLlons
W Cells Lngage ln
Mechanlcal AcLlvlLles
W Cells Are Able Lo
8espond Lo SLlmull
8aslc roperLles of Cells (7)
W Cells Are Capable of
Self8egulaLlon
W Cells Lvolve
13 1wo lundamenLally ulfferenL
Classes of Cells (1)
W rokaryoLlc and
eukaryoLlc are
dlsLlngulshed by Lhelr
slze and Lype of
organe||es
W rokaryoLes are all
bacLerla whlch arose
37 bllllon years ago
W LukaryoLes lnclude
proLlsLs anlmals
planLs and fungl
A Comparlson of rokaryoLlc and
LukaryoLlc Cells
A Comparlson of rokaryoLlc and
LukaryoLlc Cells
8aslc roperLles of Cells (2)
W CharacLerlsLlcs LhaL dlsLlngulsh prokaryoLlc and
eukaryoLlc cells
ComplexlLy rokaryoLes are relaLlvely slmple
eukaryoLes are more complex ln sLrucLure and
funcLlon
CeneLlc maLerlal
W ackaglng rokaryoLes have a nucleold reglon whereas
eukaryoLes have a membranebound nucleus
W AmounL LukaryoLes have much more geneLlc maLerlal Lhan
prokaryoLes
W lorm LukaryoLes have many chromosomes made of boLh
unA and proLeln whereas prokaryoLes have a slngle clrcular
unA
1he sLrucLure of cells
1he sLrucLure of cells
1he sLrucLure of cells
8aslc roperLles of Cells (3)
W CharacLerlsLlcs LhaL dlsLlngulsh prokaryoLes and
eukaryoLes
CyLoplasm LukaryoLes have membranebound
organelles ad complex cyLoskeleLal proLelns 8oLh
have rlbosomes buL Lhey dlffer ln slze
Cellular reproducLlon LukaryoLes dlvlde by mlLosls
prokaryoLes dlvlde by slmple flsslon
LocomoLlon LukaryoLes use boLh cyLoplasmlc
movemenL and cllla and flagella prokaryoLes have
flagella buL Lhey dlffer ln boLh form and mechanlsm
1he sLrucLure
of a eukaryoLlc
cell
1he cyLoplasm of a eukaryoLlc cell ls a
crowded comparLmenL
Cellular reproducLlon ln eukaryoLes
and prokaryoLes
1he dlfference beLween prokaryoLlc
and eukaryoLlc flagella
8aslc roperLles of Cells (4)
W 1ypes of rokaryoLlc
Cells
1 uomaln Archaea
W MeLhanogens
W Palophlles
W Acldophlles
W 1hermophlles
2 uomaln 8acLerla
- lncludes Lhe smallesL known
cells mycoplasma
- lncludes cyanobacLerla
some phoLosynLheLlc
bacLerla
- CyanobacLerla gave rlse Lo
green planLs and an oxygen
rlch aLmosphere
- Some bacLerla capable of
n|trogen f|xat|on
CyanobacLerla
8aslc roperLles of Cells (3)
W rokaryoLlc ulverslLy
rokaryoLes are ldenLlfled and classlfled on Lhe basls of
speclflc unA sequences
8ecenL evldence lndlcaLes LhaL prokaryoLes are more
dlverse and numerous Lhan prevlous LhoughL
8aslc roperLles of Cells (6)
W 1ypes of LukaryoLlc Cells Cell SpeclallzaLlon
Dolcellolot eukaryoLes are complex slnglecelled
organlsms
,oltlcellolot eukaryoLes have dlfferenL cell Lypes
for dlfferenL funcLlons
W |fferent|at|on occurs durlng embryonlc developmenL
ln oLher mulLlcellular organlsms
W numbers and arrangemenLs of organelles relaLe Lo Lhe
funcLlon of Lhe cell
W uesplLe dlfferenLlaLlon cells have many feaLures ln
common
Iottlcello a complex clllaLed proLlsL
aLhways of cell dlfferenLlaLlon
8aslc roperLles of Cells (7)
W MulLlcellular eukaryoLes have dlfferenL cell
Lypes for dlfferenL funcLlons
Model Crganlsms
W Cell research focuses on slx model organlsms
W 1hese are Lhe bacLerlum scbetlcblo coll Lhe yeasL
5occbotomyces Lhe musLard planL AtoblJopsls Lhe
nemaLode coeootbobJltls eleqoos Lhe frulL fly
utosopbllo and Lhe mouse ,os moscolos
Slx model organlsms
1he Puman erspecLlve 1he rospecL of Cell
8eplacemenL 1herapy (1)
W tem ce||s are undlfferenLlaLed cells capable
of selfrenewal and dlfferenLlaLlon
AdulL sLem cells can be used Lo replace damaged
or dlseased adulL Llssue
W ematopo|et|c stem ce||s can produce blood cells ln
bone marrow
W neural sLem cells may be sued Lo LreaL
neurodegeneraLlve dlsorders
An adulL sLem cell
1he Puman erspecLlve 1he rospecL of Cell
8eplacemenL 1herapy (2)
W mbryon|c stem (% ce||s have even greaLer
poLenLlal for dlfferenLlaLlon (plotlpoteot) Lhan
adulL sLem cells
LS cells musL be dlfferenLlaLed lo vltto
1he use of LS cells lnvolves eLhlcal conslderaLlons
A procedure for obLalnlng dlfferenLlaLed cells for
use ln cell replacemenL Lherapy
1he Puman erspecLlve 1he rospecL of Cell
8eplacemenL 1herapy (3)
W oJoceJ plotlpoteot (ll5) cells has been
demonsLraLed ln culLure
lnvolves reprogrammlng a fully dlfferenLlaLed cell
lnLo a plurlpoLenL sLem cell
1hese cells have been used Lo correcL cerLaln
dlsease condlLlons ln experlmenLal anlmals
SLudles Lo reveal Lhe mechanlsm of ll5 could have
slgnlflcanL medlcal appllcaLlons
SLeps Laken Lo generaLe ll5 for use ln correcLlng
Lhe lnherlLed dlsease slckle cell anemla ln mlce
8aslc roperLles of Cells (8)
W 1he Slzes of Cells and 1helr ComponenLs
Cells are commonly measured ln unlLs of
m|crometers (1 m 10
6
meLer) and nanometers
(1 nm 10
9
meLer)
Cell slze ls llmlLed
W 8y Lhe volume of cyLoplasm LhaL can be supporLed by
Lhe genes ln Lhe nucleus
W 8y Lhe volume of cyLoplasm LhaL can be supporLed by
exchange of nuLrlenLs
W 8y Lhe dlsLance over whlch subsLances can efflclenLly
Lravel Lhrough Lhe cyLoplasm vla Jlffosloo
8elaLlve slzes of
cells and cell
componenLs
8aslc roperLles of Cells (9)
W ynthet|c 8|o|ogy ls a fleld orlenLed Lo creaLe
a llvlng cell ln Lhe laboraLory
A more modesL goal ls Lo develop novel llfe forms
beglnnlng wlLh exlsLlng organlsms
osslble appllcaLlons Lo medlclne lndusLry or Lhe
envlronmenL
rospecL ls good afLer replaclng Lhe genome of
one bacLerlum wlLh LhaL of a closely relaLed
specles
14 vlruses (1)
W I|ruses are paLhogens
W vlruses are lnLracellular obllgaLe paraslLes
W A |r|on ls a vlrus parLlcle ouLslde Lhe hosL cell
W vlral sLrucLure
CeneLlc maLerlal and can be slnglesLranded unA
or 8nA
roLeln copslJ surrounds Lhe geneLlc maLerlal
A llpld envelope may surround Lhe capsld ln some
vlruses
1obacco mosalc vlrus
vlruses (2)
W vlrus and hosL
vlruses have
surface proLelns
LhaL blnd Lo Lhe
surface of Lhe hosL
cell
vlral speclflclLy for a
cerLaln hosL ls
deLermlned by Lhe
vlrus' surface
proLelns
vlruses (2)
W vlrus and hosL
vlruses have
surface proLelns
LhaL blnd Lo Lhe
surface of Lhe hosL
cell
vlral speclflclLy for a
cerLaln hosL ls
deLermlned by Lhe
vlrus' surface
proLelns
vlruses (3)
W vlral lnfecLlon Lypes
ytlc lnfecLlonLhe vlrus redlrecLs Lhe hosL lnLo
maklng more vlrus parLlcles Lhe hosL cell lyses
and releases Lhe vlruses
oteqtotlooLhe vlrus lnLegraLes lLs unA (called a
pro|rus) lnLo Lhe hosL cell's chromosomes
W lnfecLed hosL may behave normally unLll exLernal
sLlmulus acLlvaLes provlrus leadlng Lo lysls
W PosL may glve rlse Lo vlral progeny by buddlng
W PosL may become mallgnanL
A vlrus lnfecLlon
vlruses (4)
W I|ro|ds are paLhogens each conslsLlng of a
small naked 8nA molecule
W vlrolds cause dlsease by lnLerferlng wlLh gene
expresslon ln hosL cells
LxperlmenLal aLhways 1he Crlgln of LukaryoLlc
Cells (1)
W rokaryoLlc cells arose flrsL and gave rlse Lo
eukaryoLlc cells
W ndosymb|ont 1heory organelles ln
eukaryoLlc cells (mlLochondrla and
chloroplasLs) evolved from smaller prokaryoLlc
cells
LxperlmenLal aLhways 1he Crlgln of LukaryoLlc
Cells (2)
W Lvldence Lo supporL endosymblonL Lheory
Absence of eukaryoLe specles wlLh organelles ln
an lnLermedlaLe sLage of evoluLlon
Many symbloLlc relaLlons are known among
dlfferenL organlsms
Crganelles of eukaryoLlc cells conLaln Lhelr own
unA
nucleoLlde sequences of r8nAs from eukaryoLlc
organelles resembled LhaL of prokaryoLes
Crganelles dupllcaLe lndependenLly of nucleus
A model deplcLlng
posslble sLeps ln
endosymblosls
nucleoLlde Sequence SlmllarlLles 8eLween
8epresenLaLlve Member of Lhe 1hree rlmary
klngdoms
SupporLlng Lvldence for
Lndosymblosls
LxperlmenLal aLhways 1he Crlgln of LukaryoLlc
Cells (3)
W new ldeas abouL Lhe orlgln of eukaryoLlc cells
8ased on nucleoLlde sequences of slngle genes
Woese proposed Lhree ma[or cell llneages
W 8acLerla lnclude Cram poslLlve Cram negaLlve and
cyanobacLerla
W Archaea lnclude halophlles Lhermophlles
meLhanogens and acldophlles
W Lucarya lnclude planLs anlmals fungl and proLlsLs
A phylogeneLlc showlng based on r8nA sequence
comparlsons showlng Lhe Lhree domalns of llfe
LxperlmenLal aLhways 1he Crlgln of LukaryoLlc
Cells (4)
W 8ased on whole genomes many organlsms
appear Lo be geneLlc mosalcs
otetol qeoe ttoosfet (LC1) resulLs ln organlsms
wlLh boLh parenLal unA and unA from oLher
organlsms ln Lhe envlronmenL
8acLerla and Lucarya show evldence of LC1 ln
Lhelr genomes