Res Year

1
Res Year 1
RESISTORS
 Have you seen Resistors before?

If “YES” What they looked like?

………………………………………

Do you know what they are used

for?

If Yes, state what they are used

for?
………………………………………
 INTRODUCTION

Resistors are the most common passive

Electrical/Electronic component (one that
does not require power to operate). They are
used to control voltages and currents. While a
resistor is a very basic component, there are
many ways to manufacture them. Each style
has its own characteristics that make it
desirable in certain types of applications.
Choosing the right type of resistor is important
to making high-performance or precision
circuits work well..
At the end of the lesson Students will be able to:

Define the terms “Resistor” and

“Resistance”
Identify various types of
Resistors
State applications of various
types of resistors

Choose a suitable resistor for

various circuit applications.
A Resistor is a Electrical/Electronic device that limits
or reduces the flow of current in an electric circuit.

The value of a resistor is measured in units called

OHMS (Ω).
Resistors are available in
various sizes and shapes.

Some have their values printed on

them, while others have their
values coded on them by means
of colour bands or numerical code.
 The ability of a material or device to
oppose the flow of electric current.

Measured in unit called OHMS(Ω).

All Materials have some (different) value of

Resistance to the Flow of electric current.
 Concept of
RESISTANCE
CLASSIFICATION OF RESISTORS
Linear Resistors

linear resistors resistance

varies proportionally or in
equal increments

Non-Linear Resistors

Non-linear resistors vary from

linear resistors in that their
resistance value do not
fluctuate proportionally in
response to temperature, light,
or voltage,
Fixed Resistors

Resistors that have fixed values

i.e. their values does not change.

Variable Resistors

Resistors whose values can be

adjusted i.e. their values can be
changed manually or
automatically.
FIXED RESISTORS

Fixed Resistors are usually

classified by their construction

Carbon Composition Resistor

Film Resistors

Surface Mounted Resistors

Wire Wound Resistor

Carbon Composition Resistor

Carbon Resistors are the most

common type of Resistors. They are a
cheap general purpose resistor.

They are made of Carbon granules

mixed with a filler material

Ideal for high frequency application

Can produce high current noise and

become unstable when they get hot.
Cross- sectional view of a Carbon composition
Resistor
Film Resistors

Made from small rods of ceramic coated

with metal (such as a nickel alloy) or a
metal oxide (such as tin oxide).

Suited for high frequency or radio

frequency applications.

Have good satiability at high-temperature.

Unable to handle large amount of power.

Produces low current noise.

Cross- sectional view of a Film Resistor
Surface Mounted Resistor

Made by depositing a film of resistive material

such as tin oxide on a tiny ceramic chip.

Commonly use in modern and miniature circuits,

such as cellphones, gadgets, computers, etc.

Very tiny in size.

Very difficult to replace

due to their size.

low power dissipation.

Wire Wound Resistor

Made of a resistive elements usually of

Nichrome or Manganin
(Copper/Nickel/Manganese) wrapped
around a small ceramic or glass fiber
rod coated in an insulating flameproof
cement film.

Have higher power ratings than other

types of resistor (0.5W to 25W),
which make them suitable for use in
high wattage(power) circuits.
normally available in quite low values of
resistance (from 0.01 to 100kΩ)

Can handled higher currents than

other resistors

Not suitable for AC and high frequency use.

Low cost

Can withstand high temperatures.

Cross- sectional view of a Wire- wound
Resistor
WIRE-WOUND RESISTORS
Resistor Colour Code

Components and wires are coded with

colors to identify their value and function.

Resistor Color Coding uses colored bands

to quickly identify a resistors resistive value
and its percentage of tolerance with the
physical size of the resistor indicating its
wattage rating.

Colour code is used on small resistors where

printed value on them would not be
recognized very easily
 Resistor
Colour Code
CHART

4 band resistor
 Resistor
Colour Code
CHART

5 band resistor
Example:
VARIABLE RESISTORS

Variable Resistors are usually classified by

their construction and function.

Rheostats

Potentiometers

Preset variable
resistor
RHEOSTAT

Rheostats are often used to vary

current.

provide varying degrees of resistance

that can be set with the turn of a knob.

This is the simplest way of using a

variable resistor. Two terminals are
used: one connected to an end of the
track, the other to the moveable wiper.
Rheostats are used for controlling
the brightness of lamps, controlling
the speed of motors

Design is generally more robust than

Potentiometer.

More suited for high current application than

a potentiometer.
Spindle 1 2 3
or Shaft

wiper

Resistive
Element
2 3
1

Rotary Arm Rheostat Sliding Arm Rheostat

POTENTIOMETER

A variable resistor that divide the voltage

or potential across a load or circuit.

Consist of a resistance track with

connections at both ends and a wiper
which moves along the track as you turn
the spindle.

This arrangement is normally used to

vary voltage
Variable resistors used as potentiometers
have all three terminals connected.

Use to set the switching point of a circuit

with a sensor, or control the volume
(loudness) in an amplifier circuit.
Diagram showing basic layout of a variable
resistor
Diagram showing basic layout of a
Potentiometer
 3
1 2

Sliding arm type Rotary arm type

Potentiometer Potentiometer
PRESET VARIABLE RESISTORS & TRIMMERS

These are miniature versions of the

standard variable resistor

They are designed to be mounted

directly onto the circuit board and
adjusted only when the circuit is
built. For example to set the
frequency of an alarm tone or the
sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit.
A small screwdriver or similar tool is
required to adjust presets.
Preset ( Trimmer) type variable resistor
Preset ( Trimmer) type variable resistor
 NON LINEAR RESISTORS

Non linear Resistors are

Photo resistor

Thermistors

Varistors
 PHOTO-RESISTOR
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS(LDR)

A photoresistor, or photoconductive cell, is

basically a light sensitive resistor whose
resistance changes when exposed to light.

A photo resistor is made of a

high-resistance semiconductor

Photoresistor has high resistance with no

light exposed and decreases in resistance
as light intensity increases.
HIGH LIGHT CONDITION LOW LIGHT CONDITION

LIGHT
LIGHT RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE INTENSITY
INTENSITY

DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW THE RESISTANCE OF A

PHOTORESISTOR CHANGES WITH VARIOUS LIGHT
CONDITIONS
 Light sensitive material

Leads

LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR (LDR)
Graph showing how the resistance of LDR
changes with Light
 Photoresistor Applications

Photoresistor are used:

Photoresistor (cadmium sulfide cells) can be
found in many consumer items, such as
camera light meters, clock radios, security
alarms, automatic headlamp circuit ,street
lights and outdoor clocks.

At the other end of the scale, Ge:Cu

(Germanium – Copper) photoconductors are
among the best far-infrared detectors
available, and are used for infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.
 THERMISTOR
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT RESISTORS (TDR)

Thermistors are resistors that change resistance

as the temperature changes.

These are ideal in

electrical circuits where
measuring temperature
change or electronic
temperature control is
required.
 thermistor

Thermistor in a hotplate circuit

Types of Thermistors:

NTC (Negative Temperature

Coefficient) Thermistor

PTC (Positive Temperature

Coefficient) Thermistor
NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) Thermistor

As the temperature goes down, the resistance goes

up, and as the temperature goes up, the resistance
drops. This type is used today in automotive
applications.

PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) Thermistor

As the temperature go down, the resistance

goes down also, and as the temperature goes
up, the resistance increases.
NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) Thermistor

Temperature Resistance Temperature Resistance

Diagram showing the temperature/resistance

characteristics of the negative temperature
coefficient thermistor
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) Thermistor

Temperature Resistance Temperature Resistance

Diagram showing the temperature/ resistance

characteristics of the positive temperature
coefficient thermistor
NTC vs PTC

Graph showing how the resistance of NTC

and PTC varies with temperature
THERMISTOR APPLICATIONS
Thermistors are used:

In Engine as coolant
temperature sensor (ECT)
In Electric Hot Plate, Hair curling iron
In Air conditioner units, Fridges, etc.
In computer to sense CPU temperature
As Automatic Air Temperature sensors.
In switch mode power supply as temperature
protection sensor.
 VARISTOR
METAL OXIDE VARISTORS (MOV)

A varistor is an electronic component with

an electrical resistance that varies with
the applied voltage.

Also known as a voltage-dependent resistor

(VDR), it has a nonlinear, non-ohmic
current–voltage characteristic that is similar
to that of a diode. ...
This type is commonly known as the metal-
oxide varistor (MOV).
Graph showing how the resistance of a
varistor varies with voltage
Metal Oxide varistor (MOV)
Varistor Applications
Varistors are used to protect a circuit from
high voltage surges.

protect against excessive transient

voltages
Rheostats

Potentiometers

Photo resistor

Thermistors
Electrónica Embajadores
S20K140 - Varistor 140 V 20 mm
Generally,
wattage ra
numbers o
enough to
At the end of the lesson Students will be able to:

Define the terms “Resistor” and “Resistance”

Identify various types of Resistors

State applications of various types of

resistors

Choose a suitable resistor for various

circuit applications.