YUGOSLAVIA: BOSNIAN WAR (1992(1992- 1995)

CONTENTS
Conflict background (SHAFIY) Bosnian War (92- 95): Timeline and the main events (Shazwan) Causes of Bosnian War (Aishah & Husniyah) Ethnic groups in Bosnia during war (Shafiq & Shahmil) International responses (Hazwan) Conclusion: Bosnia post- war (Jibril)

Conflict Background:
Bosnian War was begin between April 1992 and ended in December 1995. Armed conflicts took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnian War broke up following the collapse of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, SFR Yugoslavia made up of six former socialist republics; 1. Including , Bosnia- Herzegovina 2. Croatia 3. Macedonia 4. Montenegro 5. Serbia 6. Slovenia

Yugoslavia under Tito s Era.

1945- the South Slav lands under Communist Federation. Josip Broz Tito (Former President of SFR Yugoslavia, 1958- 1980, the Yugoslav s unifying symbol) sets up a Socialist Federal Republics of Yugoslavia (made up of 6 republics- including B&H). 1948- Yugoslavia was expelled from Communist Union, Tito refuses to submit to Soviet orders and he splits with the Soviet but still remained an ardent Communist. Began receives economic and military aid from West, tourism flourished- further boosting the economy. 1945 to 1980- Republics held together.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a multi- ethnic state; 44 % Muslims (Bosniaks), 31 % Serbs, 17 % Croats and 6 % Yugoslav.

 After the death of Tito (May 1980), the new leadership faced great econ. problems and found it difficult to unite the republics; tension between rival ethnic group increased- the nation started to turn into anarchy and chaos as a result of economy, political instability and multi- ethnic tension. multitension.

The collapse of Yugoslavia federation in 1991 (Slovenia and CroatiaCroatia- early nations secession from the federation). federation).

 B&H held first election on Nov. 1990; three largest nationalist party won (Party of Dem. Action, Serbian Dem. Party and Croatian Dem. Union)- Parties divided power. Coalition end - amid the ethnic tensions and the establishment of different republics in Bosnia based on ethnic. Referendum Vote - 1992, Bosnia vote for independence. Muslim and Croats had backed the call for recession, Serbs had staged a boycott . Serb and Bosnian Serb leaders wanted to seize territory in Bosnia- Herzegovina for the Greater Serbia WAR begin.

Bosnian War (1992- 1995): Timeline and the Major Events

April 1992- Bosnia claims to independence was recognized by the European Community. Spring 1992- Serb militias and Yugoslavs troops (JNA) immediately tried to seize power in Sarajevo.  15 thousands armed Croats fought hard to protect their homes and at first co- operated with the Bosnian army. 1992- Serb forces advanced west and south from the Serbian border, capturing over 60% of Bosnia (the eastern towns- Serbrenica, Zepa and Gorazde were attacked)

 Oct. 1992- Vance- Owen peace plan proposed to create 10 semi- autonomous provinces within Bosnia (based on ethnics grouping). May 1993, plan FAIL. 1993- Serbs held 70% of Bosnia; Sarajevo was surrounded by Serb forces. Early 1993- Croatian army invaded Herzegovina (South Bosnia) in an attempt to grab territory. 1994- NATO used air strikes to force Serbs to halt the siege. June 1994- ceasefire achieved. 21 Nov. 1995- Dayton Peace Agreement signed, the war end.

THE MAJOR EVENTS

1. 2. 3. 4. Siege of Sarajevo (5 Apr. 1992- 29 Feb. 1996) Bosnian Massacre (1995) Markale Massacre (1st- 5 Feb. 1994; 2nd 28 August 1995) Srebenica Massacre (July 1995) Main issues; Refugee Crisis in Bosnia Ethnic cleansing Mass Rape Detention Camps

CAUSES of Bosnian War

the Divided of Yugoslavia

Slovenia and Croatia declared independence- Yugoslav army invaded Slovenia and later, seize Croatia (declared as Serbian state called Krajina. Beginning 1992, UN sent large number of troops to Croatia- Ceasefire Conflict in Croatia end - War spread to Bosnia. Bosnia break off from Yugoslavia- the Bosnian Serbs with support from Serbia attacked different part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Bosnian Serbs forces supported by Slobodan Milosevic (Serbia leader) and Yugoslav s People Army attacked B&H in order to secure Serbian territory. Before Bosnian war broke up, Karadjordjevo meeting (spring of 1991); President Tudjman of Croatia and President Milosevic of Serbia held a meeting at Karadjordjevo (Vojvodina province of Serbia).

Karadjordjevo agreement
Agenda- the division of Bosnia into ethnically pure mini- republics leaving just a little bit for the Muslims. The redistribution of territories in the exYugoslav Republic of BiH between Croatia and Serbia; territories with either Croatian or Serbian majority would be annexed but it not include the largest ethnic group in B&H, Bosniaks. The division of B&H led to more complicated situation- Bosnians demanding independence. WHY SEPARATE?- Serbia acted as the dominant power ; Bosniaks believed that Serbia used its powerful position to divert money and resources to Serbs area.

DIVISON OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (Karadjordjevo Agreement)

The Greater Serbia

Slobodan Milosevic;  President of Serbia (1989)  Came to power at time of growing national feeling amongst Serbs.  1989, he annexed the province of Kosovo.  Insisted on a centralized system- Serbs domination.  Try to create a greater Serbia - annexing territories in republics with Serb minorities.  Rodovan Karadzic (Bosnian Serbs leader) wanted Serb forces to seize territory in Bosnia for a greater Serbia.

Serbs leader and Bosnian Serbs fugitive.

Multi- ethnic division by the establishment of different republics in Bosnia

24 Oct. 1991, Serb Democratic Party members formed the Assembly of the Serb People in B&H, end tri- ethnic coalition that governed after the elections in 1991; The Serbian Republic of B&H formed on April 1992, which became Republic Srpska on August 1992. On 18 Nov. 1991, Croatian Dem. Union proclaimed the existence of Croatian Republic of Herzeg- Bosnia as separation in Bosnia territory.

The Failure of Carrington- Cutileiro Plan

Also known as Lisbon Agreement . Resulted from EEC- hosted conference held in Sept. 1991; main objectives: 1. To prevent war in B&H 2. Propose ethic power- sharing Signed on 18 March 1992 by three sides figures;  Alija Izetbegovic (Bosniaks)  Rodovan Karadzic (Serbs)  Mate Boban (Croats)

 Lisbon agreement or Carrington- Cutileiro Plan FAIL ; on 28 March 1992, Izetbegovic withdrew from plan, he opposed any type ethnic division in BiH.

Three major ethnics in BosniaHerzegovina.

Bosniaks

Three major ethnics

Serbs Croats

BOSNIAKS
Bosniaks or Bosniacs; South Slavic ethnic group , mainly living in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Total population- 3 million people, predominantly Muslim Sunni . During Bosnian war, Bosniaks were subject to genocide carried out by Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats- more than 68 thousands Bosniaks were killed during the bosnian war . Approximately ten of thousands Bosniaks flee the nation.

Serbs
The Serbian people predominated in Montenegro and in Serbia itself- there were also large numbers of Serbs living in Bosnia and Serbia. Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991)- Serbs wanted to be united with Serbia itself. Serbia was once part of the Byzantine empiremost Serbs belonged to the Christian Orthodox faith. SFR Yugoslavia collapsed (1990)- large Serb communities in Bosnia attempted to remain within Yugoslavia. Bosnian Serbs formed Republic of Srpska in BosniaHerzegovina in 1992- subsequently expelling and killing the Croats and Muslims who lived within the self-declared borders.

Croats
Most Croats were Roman Catholics. Predominated some parts of Bosnia. Prior Bosnian war - Croats made up of 17.3% of population. Ethnic tensions emerged in the post- Tito era, the Republic of Croatia declared independence in 1991, followed by war with its Serb minority, backed up by Serbia-controlled Yugoslav People's Army. In the first years of the Bosnian war, over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions. In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars.

International response
UN- UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force) troops in Sarajevo at the outset of war because it was their base of operation for the UN mission in Croatia. UN hoped that their presence would discourage the spread of the conflict from Croatia to Bosnia. UN eventually took seriously its obligation to investigate war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity in the former Yugoslavia and established International Criminal Tribunal.

 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY): 1. Established on 25 May 1993. 2. To prosecute serious crimes committed during the wars in former Yugoslavia. 3. Established by Resolution 827 (UN Security Council). 4. Located in The Hague, Netherlands.

MALAYSIA roles in Bosnian War

Under Dr. M era, Malaysia had been one of the strongest supporter to Bosnia. Malaysia deployed 1,500 troops in Bosnia serving as peacekeepers with the UN Protection Force. It is the third largest contingent after Britain and France. Malaysia is a strong supporter of Bosnia-Herzegovina and has in the past donated funds to build schools and mosques in the country. During the war, Malaysia accepted and gave asylum to Bosnian Moslem refugees.

CONCLUSION
Reconstruction (post- Bosnian War); Bosnia's immediate needs are a repaired infrastructure, jobs, and the safe return of people to their homes. The World Bank estimates a need for $5 billion for the first three years of reconstruction. It has thus far only raised a small portion of that. But Bosnians are determined to rebuild their country and to build a future for their children. 2009- 2011; Bosnian War criminal suspects (Radovan Karadzic, Ratko Mladic and Goran Hadzic- were arrested .

Bosnia- Herzegovina after war