A Presentation on ION EXCHANGE

Deptt. Of Chemical Engg. Bharat Institute of Technology Meerut Presented by: Prateek Kumar Mall Roll no.-0812851024 4th year

Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is an adsorption phenomenon where the mechanism of adsorption is electrostatic. Electrostatic forces hold ions to charged functional groups on the surface of the ion exchange resin. Cations (or anions) in a liquid are exchanged with cations ( or anions) on a solid sorbent Electroneutrality is maintained in both the liquid and solid phases In general, reversible Ion-exchanger is a solid or liquid material containing ions that are exchangeable with other ions with a like charge that are present in a solution in which the material is insoluble..

Example

Highlights
y In 1845-50 It was shown that certain soils have the power of decomposing and retaining ammonium salts and other cations (Thomson and Way). y Softening of water by sodium aluminosilicate that could be regenerated with sodium chloride (1850s ). y Sulfonation of certain types of coal to yield cation exchangers (1935). y Polycondensation of phenols and formaldehyde to obtain cation (containing sulfonic, -SO3- groups) or anion (containing amine, -NH3+ groups) exchangers. y Production of sulfonated polystyrene-based strong acid (1944) . y Polystyrene-based strong anion exchangers (1946) y uniform-sized resins as the newest development in the technology (1990s ). y Artificial expansion of resin porosity to give macroporous resins(recent). cation resins

Ion exchange a widespread phenomenon

Ion exchange materials include 1) silicates( natural or synthetic; amorphous or crystalline) 2) phosphates 3) flourides 4) humus 5) wool 6) proteins 7) cellulose 8) alumina 9) glass 10) living cells

Basic Uses of Ion Exchanger

Substitution: A valuable ion(e.g. Copper) can be recovered from solution and replaced by a worthless one Separation: A solution containing a number of different ions are separated. emoval: By using a combination of a cation resin (in the H+ form) and an anion resin (in the OH form), all ions are removed and replaced by water (H+OH). The solution is thus demineralized.

Classification of Ion Exchangers on the Basis of the Nature of the Matrix

Organic resins In organic resins the matrix is a highly polymerized crosslinked hydrocarbon containing ionogenic groups. Inorganic ion exchangers are generally the oxides, hydroxides and insoluble acid salts of polyvalent metals, heteropolyacid salts and insoluble metal ferrocyanides. Organic-inorganic ion exchangers(hybrid )

Ion Exchange Resins

Ion Exchange resins are generally solid gels in spherical or granular form which consists of 1) a three-dimensional polymeric network 2) ionic functional groups attached to the network 3) counterions 4) water Exchange reactions take place in the water, retained by the ion exchanger; this is generally termed swelling water or gel water. The water content of the apparently dry material may constitute more than 50 % of its total mass.

Resin Particles and Beads

Resin classification
esins are classified based on the type of functional group they contain and their % of cross-linkages

Cationic Exchangers: - Strongly acidic functional groups derived from strong acids e.g., RSO3H (sulfonic). - Weakly acidic functional groups derived from weak acids, e.g., RCOOH (carboxylic) Anionic Exchangers: - Strongly basic functional groups derived from quaternary ammonia compounds, R-N-OH. - Weakly basic - functional groups derived from primary and secondary amines, R-NH3OH or R-R-NH2OH.

Strongly Acidic Cation Exchange Resins

Strongly Acidic Cation-Exchange Resins. Chemically inert polystyrenedivinylbenzene copolymer beads are treated with concentrated sulfuric or chlorosulfonic acid to give cross-linked polystyrene 3-sulfonic acid. This material is the most widely used cation-exchange resin and is strongly acidic .

Examples IR 120 (Rohm & Haas) Dowex HCR (DOW) Lewatit S100 (Bayer))

Reaction scheme for sulphonation styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer

Weakly Acidic Cation Exchange Resins

Weakly acidic cation-exchange resins are almost always obtained by hydrolysis of polymethylacrylate or polyacrylonitrile to poly(acrylic acid) matrix.

Carboxylic groups Examples : Amberlite IRC 86, Lewatit CNP

Examples for Ion Exchange Reactions in Weakly Acidic Cation Exchange Resins
Weak acid cation exchangers have essentially no ability to split neutral salts such as sodium chloride. On the other hand, an exchange is favorable when the electrolyte is a salt of a strong base and a weak acid.

The sodium form of weak acid resins has exceptionally high selectivi ty for divalent cations in neutral, basic, and slightly acidic solutions.

Anion Exchange Resins

Strongly basic functional groups derived from quaternary ammonia compounds, R-N-OH. - Weakly basic - functional groups derived from primary and secondary amines, R-NH3OH or R-RNH2OH

Examples of Ion Exchange reactions for Strongly Basic Anion Exchange Resins
These resins are used most frequently in the hydroxide form for acidity reduction.

The hydroxide form is also used in salt splitting applications.

Salt forms of a strong base anion exchanger are used to remove other anions for which the resin has greater selectivity.

Weakly basic anion exchange resins

Resins whose active group is an amine are generally denoted as weakly basic, althouh their basicity may vary considerably, Tertiary amines are sometimes called medium-base or intermediate base , whereas primary amines are very weakly basic and are rarely used. The most widely used weakly basic resin contain tertiary amino groups and sorb any strong acids present in solution to be treated but do not affect neutral salts or weak acids.

Regeneration

General Block Diagram of a Demineralization Plant

Water Sand Filter Weak Cation Exchanger Strong Cation Exchanger Degasser Weak Anion Exchanger Strong Anion Exchanger Mixed Bed Demineralized Water

Conclusion
Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction where an ion (an atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron and thus acquired an electrical charge) from solution is exchanged for a similarly charged ion attached to an immobile solid particle. These solid ion exchange particles are either naturally occurring inorganic zeolites or synthetically produced organic resins. The synthetic organic resins are the predominant type used today because their characteristics can be tailored to specific applications.