Load balance
CONTENTS
Introduction
Distribution system
Distribution board
Switch board
Panel boards
Panel balancing
Examples
1) INTRODUCTION :
•Load balance is essential and very important to
guarantee the stability of the system, it’s done for
every branch circuit of every panel board.
•Distribution boards are typically found in central
locations inside buildings and often serve as the
point at which electricity is distributed within a
building.
•Egyptian distribution boards generally have the live
parts enclosed to IP65 even when the cover has
been removed for servicing.
•Distribution boards may be surface-mounted on a
wall or may be sunk in to the wall.
2)DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Distribution system is a system that distributed
electrical power throughout a building .
• Distribution systems are used in every
residential, commercial, and industrial building.
• The selection of distribution board is based first
on the number of circuit must serve then the
designer must ensure that the system retain
three important feature
1. Safety
2. Flexibility
3. reliability
RESIDENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
DISTRIBUTION
Distribution systems used in commercial and
industrial locations are more complex
BIG DISTRIBUTION BOARD
3)TYPES OF
DISTRIBUTION BOARD:
•according to the kind of application.
The principal types of distribution board are:
•Local distribution panel board
(Fig1).
•Sub-distribution panel board (Fig2).
•Main distribution panel board
(Fig3).
TYPES OF MAIN DISTRIBUTION BOARD
1)Lighting distribution board
•Maximum rating for final circuit of light is 2000 VA which
connected to the board by a feeder of 1.5mm^2 C.S.a
through 10A MCB.
2)Power distribution board
•Aboard which considered as assembly of switch fuses for
large motors and equipments , protected by C.B of rated
above 15A.
3)Emergency distribution board
•Aboard which contain importance and critical loads to
ensure continuity of power supplied even if the main
source interrupted.
4) SWITCH BOARD
CONSTRUCTION :
1-Measuring instruments
2-Measuring transformers
3-Switching devices
4-Indicating devices
5-relaying system
ENCLOSURE
DEFINES AN ENCLOSURE AS A SURROUNDING CASE
CONSTRUCTED TO PROVIDE A DEGREE OF PROTECTION
TO PERSONNEL AGAINST INCIDENTAL CONTACT WITH
THE ENCLOSED EQUIPMENT AND TO PROVIDE A DEGREE
OF PROTECTION TO THE ENCLOSED EQUIPMENT
AGAINST SPECIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
5)SWITCH BOARD
GROUNDING
•The following illustration, for example, shows the neutral (N)
conductor of a wye-connected transformer connected to
ground.
• THERE ARE TWO OBJECTIVES TO
THE INTENTIONAL GROUNDING OF
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT:
• Keep potential voltage differentials between different parts
of a system at a minimum which reduces shock hazard.
• Keep impedance of the ground path to a minimum. The
lower the impedance the greater the current is in the event
of a fault. The greater the current the faster an over current
device will open
6)TYPES OF SWITCH
BOARDS.
SB switchboards
RCIII switchboards
7)PANEL BOARDS
•Panel boards provide circuit control and over current protection.
•According to the NEC® definition, panel boards are:
- Used to control light, heat, or power circuits
- Placed in a cabinet or cut out box
- Mounted in or against a wall
-Accessible only from the front
PANEL BOARD CONSTRUCTION
1-measuring instruments.
2-control devices.
3-protection devices.
4-bus bars.
5-feeders.
6-enclouser.
Panel boards basically fall into two categories:
• Lighting and appliance branch-circuit panel
boards
• Power panel boards
INSTALLATION
Panel board installation requires careful planning to
ensure a safe environment for personnel and equipment.
INTERNATIONAL
PROTECTION (IP)
It is a group of numbers every one represent
the degree of protection of the switch board
against a special external effect and its
ability to withstand this effect in a special
period.
Like
1-liquids.
2-dust and bad climate conditions.
3-mechanical loads.
4-existence of magnetic field.
8)TYPES OF PANEL BOARDS
1)Main breaker type panel board
2) Main lug only type panel board
9) INFORMATION NEEDED TO ORDER PANEL
BOARDS.
1. The system (voltage, phases, number of wires)
2. The AIC rating (ampere interrupting capacity)
3. The Type of enclosure desired
4. Number of circuits required
5. the panel board must be suitable for service
entrance
6. The amperage of the panel board rated
7. Type of panel board ( main breaker or main lug
only)
8. The panel board fed ( top or bottom )
9. Mounting type of panel board
8)PANEL BALANCING.
-To determine the percentage unbalance,
the total loading on each phase of the
panel must be determined.
-for proper design the total percentage
unbalance must not exceed 10%.
-Unbalance% = {(maximum deviation
from average)/(average phase loading)} x
100%
EXAMPLE:
Three phase panel with tabulated loads 120A,80A,and135A on each of the
panel
Bus bars.
Ans:
Average loading=(120+80+135)/3=111.7
deviation of phase R=8.3A
deviation of phase S=-31.7A
deviation of phase T=23.3A
-Max deviation is 31.7
%unbalance=(31.7/111.7)*100 = 28.4%
Since the calculated percent unbalance exceeds 10%
rearrangement of schedule branch circuits in the panel are
required, by shifting some loads from phase R and T to phase
S(to make load balance between three phases).
For example (from the project):
Unbalance% = {(maximum deviation from
average)/(average phase loading)} x 100%
• Average phase loading =
(5338+5451+5392) / 3 = 5393.67
• Maximum deviation from average = 5451 –
5393.67 = 57.33
Unbalance% = (57.33/5393.67) x 100 =
1.063% < 10%
Then it is balanced
Example from the project
(fifth door of the hotel).
