The

Sexual Self
BY:
EARLAN B. PECORE
JUSTIN MARK B. PITOGO
DENNIS B. QUILLANO
RENZ JOSHUA T. REFORMINA

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DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
AND THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Soon after the fertilization of an egg, the development of the

reproductive system begins.

For example is approximately one month after conception, primordial

gonads also begins to develop. Rapid reproductive development happens
inside the mother’s womb. But when the child is born until he/she reaches
puberty, there is little change in the reproductive system.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEXUAL ORGANS IN THE
EMBRYO AND FETUS.

The female sex is considered the FUNDAMENTAL sex because if a

particular chemical prompting is absent, all fertilized eggs will develop into
females.

For a fertilized egg to become male, a cascade of chemical reactions

must be present initiated by a single gene in the male Y chromosome called
SRY(Sex-Determining Region of the Y Chromosome). Females do not have
the SRY chromosome: Hence they do not have the SRY gene.

Both male and female embryos have the same group of cells that will
potentially develop into male or female gonads or sex glands.

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FURTHER SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OCCURS AT PUBERTY

WHAT IS PUBERTY?
Puberty is the stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature.
Puberty can be separated into five stages. The characteristics for each stage vary for girls
and boys.

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FURTHER SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OCCURS AT PUBERTY

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WHAT ARE THE EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY?

WHAT IS EROGENOUS ZONES?

An erogenous zone is a spot or area of your body that is highly

sensitive to touch and can trigger a sexual response, such as arousal,
goosebumps or other pleasant sensations. The stimulation occurs because of
the high density of nerve endings in these locations.

THE SKIN
The skin serves as the primary erotic stimulus. Two types of erogenous
zones exist in the skin.

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WHAT ARE THE EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY?

1. NONSPECIFIC TYPE
In the nonspecific type the skin is similar to any other portion of the usual
haired skin. The nerves supplying it are composed of the usual density of dermal-
nerve networks and hair-follicle networks.
Examples of this type of skin are the following:

SIDES AND BACK OF THE NECK THE AXILLAS(ARMPIT) SIDE OF THE THORAX(CHEST)

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WHAT ARE THE EROGENOUS ZONES OF THE BODY?

2. SPECIFIC TYPE
The specific type of erogenous zone found is found in the mucocutaneous
regions of the body.
Such specific sites of acute sensation in the body are the genital regions:

PENIS CLITORIS NIPPLE

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UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

WHAT IS THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE?

The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional
occurrences when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity,
such as intercourse or masturbation.

FOUR PHASES OF THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYLCE:

Phase 1: Excitement
General characteristics of the excitement phase, which can last from a few
minutes to several hours.

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UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

Phase 2: Plateau
General characteristics of the plateau phase, which extends to the brink of
orgasm.

Phase 3: Orgasm
The orgasm is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the
phases and generally lasts only a few seconds.

Phase 4: Resolution
During resolution, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning, and
swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase
is marked by a general sense of well-being, enhanced intimacy and, often,
fatigue.

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SEX AND THE BRAIN. WHAT PARTS ARE INVOLVED?

Primarily, sex is the process of combining male and female genes to form
an offspring. However, complex systems of behavior have evolved the sexual
process from its primary purpose of reproduction to motivation and rewards
circuit that root sexual behaviors.

Ultimately, the largest sex organ controlling the biological urges, mental
processes, as well as the emotional and physical response to sex, is the
BRAIN.

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SEX AND THE BRAIN. WHAT PARTS ARE INVOLVED?

Roles of the brain in sexual activity

1. The brain is responsible for translating the nerve impulses sensed by the
skin into pleasurable sensations.

2. It controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities.

3. Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in the cerebral cortex.

4. Emotions and feelings are believed to originate in the limbic system.

5. The brain releases the hormones considered as the psychological origin of

sexual desire.

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SEX AND THE BRAIN. WHAT PARTS ARE INVOLVED?

Roles of hormones in sexual activity

The hypothalamus is the most important
part of the brain for sexual functioning. This small
area at the base of the brain has several groups of
nerve-cell bodies that receive input from the limbic
system.

1. Oxytocin
It is also known as the “love hormone” and believed to be involved in
our desire to maintain close relationships.

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SEX AND THE BRAIN. WHAT PARTS ARE INVOLVED?

2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

It is responsible for ovulation in females.

3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The LH is crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in
women. In men, the LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

4. Vasopressin
It is involved in the male arousal phase.

5. Estrogen and progesterone

They typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for
females, with estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it.

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 UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, AND
ATTACHMENT

Falling in love can be a beautifully wild experience. It is a rush of longing,

passion, and euphoria. Fast forward a few years, and the excitement would
have died down.
Anthropologist Helen Fisher proposed three stages of falling in love; and
for each stage, a different set of chemicals run the show.
The three stages of falling in love are:

1. Lust (erotic passion);

2. Attraction (romantic passion); and
3. Attachment (commitment).

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UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT

Lust
This stage is marked by physical attraction. You want to seduce and
be seduced by your object of affection. Lust is driven by testosterone in men
and estrogen in women.

Attraction
At this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You feel
excitement and energetic as you fantasize about the things you could do
together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling:

1. Norepinephrine – Responsible for the extra surge of energy and

triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to
sleep.

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UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT

2. Dopamine – Associated with motivation and goal-directed behavior.

3. Serotonin – Thought to cause obsessive thinking.

Attachment
Attachment involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your
significant other. At this point, you may want to get married and/or have children.

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UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT

Psychological aspect of sexual desire

Sexual desire is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or

activities. Sexual desire is sometimes accompanied by genital arousal. Sexual
desire can be triggered by a large variety of cues and situations.

Sexual desire is often confused with sex drive. Sex drive represents a basic,
biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity. In contrast, Sexual
desire represents a more complex psychological experience that is not
dependent on hormonal factors.

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UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT

Gender differences on sexual desires

Factors that influence the notable gender difference on sexual desire include:
• Culture;
• Social Environment; and even
• Political situations

One of the most notable gender differences on sexual desire is that

women place great emphasis on interpersonal relationships as part of the
experience, while Males enjoy a more casual sexual behavior.
Also because of the different evolutionary pressures men and women
face through time, early females practiced selective mating, while no such
pressure was evident on men.

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UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT

Psychological mechanisms of sexual behavior motivation

Animal research suggests that limbic system

structure, such as the amygdala and nucleus
accumbens, are especially important for sexual
motivation.

Amygdala is the integrative center for emotions,

emotional behavior, and motivation.

Nucleus accumbens plays a role in motivation

and cognitive processing of aversion.

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 THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Like food, sex is an important part of our lives. From an evolutionary

perspective, the reason is obvious – perpetuation of the species.

Sexual orientation is defined as an individual’s general sexual

disposition toward partners of the same sex, opposite, or both sexes. Past
studies thought that gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals were the only people
who ever experienced same-sex desires. It was found though that completely
heterosexual persons periodically experience same-sex sexual desires, even if
they have little motivation to act on those desires.

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 GENDER IDENTITY

Many people fuse sexual orientation with gender identity into one group
because of stereotypical attitude that exists about homosexuality.

Sexual Orientation is a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward

another individual.

Gender Identity refers to one’s sense of being male or female.

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 WHAT IS LGBTQ+?

LGBTQ+ is an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual

orientations, and romantic orientations.

• L stands for Lesbian. These are females who are exclusively attracted to
women.

• G stands for Gay. This can refer to males who are exclusively attracted to males.
It can also refer to anyone who is attracted to his or her same gender.

• B stands for Bisexual or someone who is sexually/ romantically attracted to both

men and women.
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WHAT IS LGBTQ+?

• T or Trans*/Transgender is an umbrella term for people who do not identify

with the gender assigned to them at birth.

• Q stands for Queer. It is a useful term for those who are questioning their
identities and are unsure about using more specific terms, or those who
simply do not wish to label themselves.

• + The Plus is there to signify that many identities are not explicitly
represented by the letters. This includes intersex or people who are born
with a mix of male and female biological traits; and asexual or a person who
is not interested in or does not desire sexual activity.

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 SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY ISSUES

There’s a lot more to being male, female, or any other gender than the sex assigned at birth.

Sex is a label – male or female – that you’re assigned by a doctor at birth

based on the genitals and chromosomes you’re born with.

Gender is defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN as “the

relations between men and women, both perceptual and material. Gender is not
determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or men,
but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often
governs the process of production and reproduction, consumption, and distribution”
(FAO, 1997)

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 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

What are Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted
infections (STIs), are very common. STDs pass from one person to another through
vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They also can spread through intimate physical contact
like heavy petting, though this is not very common.

STD’s can be also transmitted of Non-sexually such as:

*Mother to infant during pregnancy
*Blood transfusion
*People Sharing needles for injection

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

COMMON SEX DISEASES

1. Chlamydia - is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by

bacteria. You might not know you have chlamydia because many people don't
have signs or symptoms, such as genital pain and discharge from the vagina or
penis.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

2. Gonorrhea is a common STD that can be treated with the right

medication. If left untreated, gonorrhea can cause very serious health problems.
Infection caused by a sexually transmitted bacterium that infects both males and
females. Gonorrhea most often affects the urethra, rectum or throat. In females,
gonorrhea can also infect the cervix. Gonorrhea is most commonly spread
during vaginal, oral or anal sex.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

3. Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the

herpes simplex virus (HSV). Sexual contact is the primary and sharing of towels
may the way that the virus spreads. After the initial infection, the virus lies
dormant in your body and can reactivate several times a year. Genital herpes
can cause pain, itching and sores in your genital area. But you may have no
signs or symptoms of genital herpes. If infected, you can be contagious even if
you have no visible sores.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

4. Genital warts are soft growths that appear on the genitals. They can
cause pain, discomfort, and itching. This kind of infection is especially
dangerous for people with vulvas because high risk strains can also cause
cancer of the cervix and vulva. Genital warts are transmitted through sexual
activity, including oral, vaginal, and anal sex. You may not start to develop warts
for several weeks or months after infection.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

5. Syphilis can cause serious, dangerous, and life threatening health

problems without treatment. It affect other vital organs such heart, spine, and
brain. Infection develops in stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary).
Each stage can have different signs and symptoms.

1. During the first (primary) stage of syphilis, you may notice

a single sore or multiple sores.

2. During the secondary stage, you may have skin rashes

and/or sores in your mouth, vagina, or anus.

3. The latent stage of syphilis is a period when there are no

visible signs or symptoms. Without treatment, you can
continue to have syphilis in your body for years. Most people
with untreated syphilis do not develop tertiary syphilis.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD’s)

6. Ectoparasitic Infection these are infectious diseases caused by

parasites such as lice or mites transmitted through sexual contact. Two of these
common STDs are public lice and scabies.

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 What is RA 10354?

RA 10354 “RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT

OF 2012” It is an act providing for a national policy on responsible parenthood and
reproductive health.
Regional objective
The provision of ethical and medically safe, legal, accessible, affordable, non-abortifacient, effective and quality
reproductive health care services.
• Make pregnancy safer
• The State shall promote and provide information and access, without bias, to all modern methods of family planning,
whether natural or artificial, which have been proven medically safe, legal, non-abortifacient, and effective
• Gender equality and women empowerment are central elements of reproductive health and population and development
• Respect for protection and fulfillment of reproductive health and rights which seek to promote the rights and welfare of
every person particularly couples, adult individuals, women and adolescents;
• Improve health and nutrition of women of all ages.

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 FAMILY PLANNING

Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children, if

any, and to determine the spacing of their pregnancies. It is important to know also
the disadvantages and advantages to decide a right decision
Methods of Contraception

• long-acting reversible contraception - the implant or intra uterine device (IUD)

• hormonal contraception - the pill or the Depo Provera injection
• barrier methods - condoms
• emergency contraception
• fertility awareness
• permanent contraception - vasectomy and tubal ligation.

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FAMILY PLANNING

Benefits of family Planning

•helps protect women from any health risks

•Reduce Infant Mortality
•Help prevent HIV/AIDS
•Empower People and Enhance education
•Reduce adolescent pregnancies
•Slow Population Growth

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BENEFITS OF USING FAMILY PLANNING ACCORDING TO DOH

Family planning provides many benefits to mother, children, father, and the family.

Mother
• Enables her to regain her health after delivery.
• Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband
and children.
• Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement.
• When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and

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BENEFITS OF USING FAMILY PLANNING ACCORDING TO DOH

Children
• Healthy mothers produce healthy children.
• Will get all the attention, security, love, and care they deserve.

Father
• Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.
• Enables him to give his children their basic needs (food, shelter, education,
and better future).
• Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement.
• When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.

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BENEFITS OF USING FAMILY PLANNING ACCORDING TO DOH

DISADVANTAGES

• It is a couple-centered process so both partners need to agree to use these

methods.
• They do not protect the couple against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Where
appropriate, couples must use condoms or other barrier methods as well.
• Couples require careful observation and training for accurate recording, for a few
months, before they can be used reliably to predict fertile days.
• Time and effort must be invested to observe and accurately record fertility indicators,
which may not be possible for busy women.
• The coitus interruptus method has a high failure rate and puts great stress upon the
male partner to remember to remove the penis just before ejaculation.

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 THE NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHOD

Natural family planning (NFP) is a form of pregnancy planning. It does not

involve medicine or devices. NFP helps people know when to have sexual
intercourse. It can be used if you are trying to achieve or avoid pregnancy. It
involves keeping track of a woman’s bodily changes throughout her menstrual cycle.
Most people who choose NFP do so for religious or personal reasons.

Types of natural family Planing Methods

1. Periodic abstinence (fertility awareness)method

2. Use of Breastfeeding or lactationalamenorrhoea method (LAM)
3. Coitus Interruptus (withdrawal or pulling out) method

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PERIODIC ABSTINENCE ( FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHODS

During the menstrual cycle, the female hormones oestrogen and

progesterone cause some observable effects and symptoms:
• Oestrogen produces alterations in the cervical mucus, which changes from thick,
opaque and sticky to thin, clear and slippery as ovulation approaches.
• Progesterone produces a slight rise in basal body temperature (temperature at
rest) after ovulation.

The three common techniques used in periodic abstinence methods

1. Rhythm (calendar) method

2. Basal body temperature (BBT) method
3. Cervical mucus (ovulation) method.

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PERIODIC ABSTINENCE ( FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHODS

1. Rhythm or calendar method

This method is the most widely used of the periodic abstinence techniques.
The calendar method is a calculation-based approach where previous menstrual
cycles are used to predict the first and the last fertile day in future menstrual
cycles. This method requires a good understanding of the fertile and infertile
phases of the woman’s menstrual cycle. It is based on the regularity of the
menstrual cycle and the fact that an ovum (egg) can only be fertilized within 24
hours of ovulation.

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PERIODIC ABSTINENCE ( FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHODS

2. Basal body temperature (BBT) method

The basal body temperature method is based on the slight increase in the
body temperature of women at rest by about 0.3–0.5°C during and after ovulation,
due to the action of an increased level of progesterone secreted by the corpus
luteum. The rise in body temperature sustained for three consecutive days
indicates that ovulation has occurred, and it remains at this increased level until
the start of the next menstrual cycle. In this section you will learn about when the
rise in body temperature occurs, and what women need to know in order to use
this method properly.

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PERIODIC ABSTINENCE ( FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHODS

3. Cervical mucus method (CMM)

The cervical mucus method (or Billings method) is based on the

recognition and interpretation of changes in cervical mucus and sensations in the
vagina, due to the effect of changes in oestrogen levels during the menstrual
cycle. This method is also an ovulation method used by women trying to get
pregnant and have a child.

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PERIODIC ABSTINENCE ( FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHODS

Lactation amenorrhea method (LAM)

Lactation amenorrhea method (LAM) is a way for breastfeeding to

temporarily help prevent pregnancy. It must be used correctly to work. Lactation
means your body is making breastmilk and amenorrhea means you aren’t having
a monthly period. Breastfeeding hormones may stop your body from releasing
eggs. You can’t get pregnant if you don’t release an egg.

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HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION/ ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

Hormonal contraceptives are an effective family planning method that

manipulates the hormones that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that
ovulation will not occur.

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
1. known as pill -contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone taken by the woman
to prevent pregnancy.
2. estrogen suppresses the FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)-LH (luteinizing
hormone) suppressing the ovulation

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HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION/ ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

3. progesterone limiting the sperm’s access to the ova

4. take it on first Sunday upon the start of her menstrual
5. advised to use another contraceptives method on the 1st seven days of taking
the pill
6. if she skipped taking pill more than a day, the woman and her husband must
use another birth control
7. side effects: nausea, weight gain, tenderness of the breast, breakthrough
bleeding, vaginal infections, mild hypertension, and depression.
8. avoid the ff. condition: breastfeeding, cardiovascular
diseases, hypertension, smoking, diabetes,
and cirrhosis.
9. 35yrs old above must avoid using the pill

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 TRANSDERMAL CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH

Medical adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of
medication through the skin and into the bloodstream.
Has combination of estrogen and progesterone

1. applying the patch every once a week for three weeks.

2. no need to apply in 4th week
3. the patch should be worn when taking a bath or
swimming
4. use another alternative contraceptive or replaced
when the patch become loose.

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 VAGINAL RING

inserted into the vagina and slowly releases hormones through the vaginal
wall into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.
1. small, soft, plastic ring inside the vagina
2. releases a dose of estrogen and progesterone into the
bloodstream.
3. body reacts accordingly from these hormones to avoid
pregnancy.
4. silicon ring stays inside for 3 weeks, it is removed at the 4th
week
5. pregnancy is prevented for as long as the ring is inside
6. vaginal ring is as effective as the pills

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 HORMONAL INJECTIONS

it is a contraceptive injection given once every 3months. keeping the ovaries

from releasing an egg. Thickens cervical mucus to keep the sperm from reaching
the egg.
1. contain synthetic estrogen and progestin.
2. the woman receives an injection of these hormones once every 12 weeks.
3. the area where the hormone was injected must not be massaged.
4. the injection stops ovulation and causes changes in the uterus lining as well as in the cervical
mucus.
5. 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.
6. women are advised to take calcium in their diet as there is a risk for decreased bone mineral
density.
7. weight gain in women is another effective when using hormonal injections.

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 INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

Is a small T-shaped plastic device wrapped in copper or contains hormones.

1. birth control inserted into the uterus through the vagina.

2. prevent the sperm from reaching the uterus.
3. fitted only by physician and right after a menstrual flow to ensure that she is not pregnant yet.
4. the device is effective for 5 to 7years.
5. a woman using IUD is advised to check for menstrual
flow every month , check the IUD string regularly, and
have yearly pelvic examination

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 CHEMICAL BARRIERS

Chemical barriers, such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and

glycerin films are also used to cause death of sperms before they can enter the
cervix.

1. it would not prevent infection from transmitted diseases.

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 DIAPHRAGM

Are dome-shaped barrier method of contraception that block sperms from

entering the uterus.

1. a diaphragm is a form of birth control where a shallow cup-shaped silicone inserted into the
vagina.
2. using spermicide along with the diaphragm makes for a better success rate in preventing
pregnancy.
3. it should be left in place for not more than 24hours to avoid irritation and inflammation.

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 CERVICAL CAP

A cervical cap is a silicone cup inserted in the vagina to cover the cervix and
keep sperm out of the uterus.

1. the cervical cap is another barrier method that is made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the
cervix.
2. it is shaped like thimble with a thin rim, and could stay in place for not more than 48 hours.

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 MALE CONDOM

Is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath place on the erect penis before vaginal
penetration to trap the sperm during ejaculation.

1. protect a person from infection due to sexually transmitted diseases.

2. it is a thin barrier made of latex rolled on to the penis before sex.
3. it is used to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina.
4. it can be bought over the counter.
5. dispose after use.

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 FEMALE CONDOM

it is thin pouch inserted into the vagina before sex serving as protective
barrier to prevent pregnancy and protection from STD, including HIV.

1. also called internal condom.

2. these are latex rubber sheaths that are specially
designed for females and pre-lubricated
with spermicide.
3. It has an inner right that covers the cervix and an
outer, open ring that is placed against the
vaginal opening.
4. these are disposable and require no prescription.
5. the fail rate of female condom is 12% to 22%.

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 SURGICAL METHODS

1. VASECTOMY
This method applied small incision on each side of the scrotum. The vas
deference is then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to block the passage of the
sperm. This is done with anesthesia.

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SURGICAL METHODS

2. TUBAL LIGATION
This is performed by blocking the fallopian tubes through cutting to hinder
the sperms from passing through the ova. After menstruation and before ovulation,
the procedure is done through a small incision untder the woman’s umbilicus. The
woman may go back to sexual activities after 2 to 3 days of the operation. The
failure rate is .05%.

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 END OF REPORT
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