BASIC TISSUES
A tissue is a group of cells with a common function
They are 4 basic tissue types
1.Epithelial
2.Connective
3.Muscular
4.Nervous
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Objectives
•Know the 4 basic tissue types
•Know the structural and functional x-tics that distinguish
epithelial tissue from the others
•Know the criteria used to classify epithelia
•Know the types of epithelial tissues and their location
•Know the functional capabilities of each type and relate
them to structure
•Describe specialized functions of epithelial cell types and
their location
•Recognize epithelia in micrographs
•Know the criteria used to classify glands
•Know the classes of glands and examples of their location
•Recognize glands in micrographs
Epithelial tissue/ epithelium (plural: epithelia), is a
sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a
body cavity.
It occurs in the body as;
(1) Covering and lining epithelium and
(2) Glandular epithelium.
•Covering epithelium forms the outer layer of the
skin, covers the walls and organs of the closed
ventral body cavity.
•Lining epithelium lines the cavities of the
cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems
•Glandular epithelium makes the glands of the body.
Functions of Epithelium
(1) Protection
(2) Absorption
(3) Filtration
(4) Excretion
(5) Secretion
(6) Sensory reception.
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
Epithelial tissues have many characteristics that distinguish
them from other tissue types.
1. Polarity
2. Specialized contacts
3. Supported by connective tissue
4. Avascular but innervated.
5. Regeneration.
Classification of epithelia
Epithelia are traditionally classified according to 3
morphological characteristics:
•The number of cell layers: simple or stratified epithelium.
•The shape of cells: squamous cuboidal or columnar.
In stratified epithelia the shape of the outermost layer of
cells determines the descriptive classification.
•The presence of surface specialisations such as cilia, keratin
Types of Epithelium
Simple epithelia
1.Simple squamous
2.Simple cuboidal
3.Simple columnar
4.Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified epithelia
5.Stratified squamous
6.Stratified cuboidal
7.Stratified columnar
8.Transitional
Specializations of Epithelial cells
Specializations of Apical Surfaces
1.Cilia
2.Flagella
3.Microvilli
4.Stereocilia
Microvillus
/glycocalyx
Cilia and
Flagellum
9+2
9+0
Kartagener's syndrome results from hereditary defects in
the ciliary dynein that would normally provide the energy
for ciliary bending.
Thus, ciliated cells without functional dynein are
prohibited from functioning.
Persons having this syndrome are susceptible to lung
infections since their ciliated respiratory cells fail to clear
the tract of debris and bacteria.
Additionally, males with this syndrome are sterile since
their sperms are immotile.
Specializations of Lateral Surfaces
1.Zonula occludens (Tight/occluding junctions)
2.Zonula adherens (Belt desmosome)/Intermediate
3.Macula adherens (Desmosome)
4.Gap junctions (Nexus)/ communicating junction
Specializations of Basal Surfaces
5.Basal lamina
6.Hemidesmosomes
7.Sodium-potassium ATPase
Zonnula occludens
Prevent movement of membrane proteins and function to prevent
intercellular movement of water-soluble molecules
Also act as a fence which prevents the mixing of membrane proteins
between the apical and basalateral membranes.
Are located between adjacent plasma membranes and are the most
apically located junctions They form a "belt-like" junction that
Prevent movement of membrane proteins and function to prevent intercellular movement of water-
encircles the entire
molecules.circumference of the cell.
Zonulae Occludentes
soluble
In electron micrographs, the adjoining cell membranes fuse at certain
points. “Leaky membranes”
At the fusion sites, transmembrane proteins called claudins and
occludins bind to each other, thus forming a seal occluding the
intercellular space.
Zonula adherens are belt-like junctions that assist adjoining cells to
adhere to one another.
Are located just basal to the zonulae occludens and also encircle the
cell
The intercellular space between the two adjacent cell membranes is
occupied by cadherins transmembrane proteins that bind to actin
filaments.
The extracellular region of the cadherins of one cell forms bonds with
those of the adjoining cell participating in the formation of the zonula
adherens.
Thus, this junction not only joins the cell membranes to each other but
also links the cytoskeleton of the two cells via the transmembrane
linker proteins
NB: xxxxFascia adherens is similar to zonula adherens
but does not go around the entire circumference of
the cell.
Instead of being belt-like, it is "ribbon-like.“
Cardiac muscle cells are attached to each other via
the fascia adherens = part of Intercalated disks
Desmosomes help to resist shearing forces
Disk-shaped ,matching attachment plaques located
opposite each other on the cytoplasmic aspects of
the plasma membranes of adjacent epithelial cells.
Each plaque is composed of a series of attachment
proteins-cadherins
Intermediate filaments (keratin) insert into the
plaque.
In nonepithelial cells, it is desmin or vimentin
Hemidesmosomes. These structures take the form of
half a desmosome and bind the epithelial cell to the
subjacent basal lamina.
However, in desmosomes the attachment plaques
contain mainly cadherins, whereas in
hemidesmosomes the plaques are made of integrins,
Gap junctions can occur almost anywhere along
the lateral membranes of cells.
In a transmission electron micrographs occur as a
close apposition of adjacent cell membranes.
The individual unit of the gap junction is called a
connexon. Each connexon is formed by six gap
junction proteins called connexins, which join
together leaving a hydrophilic pore in the center.
There is no cytoskeleton involved as in other
junctions.
Gap junctions permit the exchange between cells
of small molecules.
Signaling molecules such as some hormones,
cyclic AMP and GMP, and ions can move through
gap junctions, causing the cells in many tissues to
act in a coordinated manner rather than as
independent units.
A typical example is heart muscle cells, where
gap junctions are, to a great degree, responsible
for the heart's coordinated beat.
Junctional complex
Junctional complexes are symmetrical structures
formed between adjacent cells and consist of
three components:
1. zonula occludens,
2. zonula adherens and
3. desmosomes
What forms the intercalated disk?
END
