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Final Diagnosis 52 Motivation 79

Case Formulation 53 Cognitive Functioning 79
Cultural Formulation 53 Insight and Judgment 79
Treatment Planning 57 Psychological Testing 79
Goals of Treatment 57 What Makes a Good Psychological Test? 80
REAL STORIES: Patty Duke 58 Intelligence Testing 81
Treatment Site 59 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test 82
Psychiatric Hospitals 59 Wechsler Intelligence Scales 83
Outpatient Treatment 60 Cultural Considerations in Intelligence Testing 84
Halfway Houses and Day Treatment Programs 60 Personality and Diagnostic Testing 84
Other Treatment Sites 60 Self-Report Clinical Inventories 84
Modality of Treatment 61 Projective Testing 87

Determining the Best Approach to Treatment 61 Behavioral Assessment 89

Treatment Implementation 62 Behavioral Self-Report 90

The Course of Treatment 63 Behavioral Observation 91

The Clinician’s Role in Treatment 63 Multicultural Assessment 91
The Client’s Role in Treatment 63 REAL STORIES: Frederick Frese 92
The Outcome of Treatment 63 Environmental Assessment 93
RETURN TO THE CASE 64 Physiological Assessment 94
Summary 65 Psychophysiological Assessment 94
Key Terms 66 Brain Imaging Techniques 95
Answers to Review Questions 66 Neuropsychological Assessment 97
Internet Resource 67 Putting It All Together 98
RETURN TO THE CASE 99
Chapter 3
Summary 100
Assessment 68
Key Terms 101
CASE REPORT:
Ben Robsham 69 Answers to Review Questions 101
What Is a Psychological Internet Resource 101
Assessment? 70
Clinical Interview 70
Unstructured Interview 70
Chapter 4
Theoretical Perspectives 102
Structured and Semistructured Interviews 71
CASE REPORT:
Mental Status Examination 74 Meera Krishnan 103
Appearance and Behavior 74
The Purpose of Theoretical
Orientation 75 Perspectives in Abnormal
Psychology 104
Content of Thought 75
Psychodynamic Perspective 104
Thinking Style and Language 76
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory 104
Affect and Mood 77
Freud’s Background 104
Perceptual Experiences 78
Freud’s Structural Model of Personality: The Id, Ego,
Sense of Self 79 and Superego 104
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Defense Mechanisms 105 Models of Genetic Transmission 129

Psychosexual Development 105 Genes, Environment, and Psychological Disorders 129
Freud’s Place in History 108 Treatment 130
Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Views 109 Psychosurgery 130
Attachment Styles 110 Electroconvulsive Therapy 130
Treatment 110 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 130

Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theories 111 Deep Brain Stimulation 131

Medication 131
Humanistic Perspective 113
Biofeedback 131
Person-Centered Theory 113
Evaluation of the Biological Perspective 134
Self-Actualization Theory 114
Biopsychosocial Perspectives on Theories and
Treatment 114 Treatment: An Integrative Approach 135
Evaluation of Humanistic Theories 115 RETURN TO THE CASE 136
Sociocultural Perspective 116 Summary 139
Family Perspective 116 Key Terms 140
Social Discrimination 116 Answers to Review Questions 140
REAL STORIES: William Styron 117 Answers to Perspective Box Questions 141
Social Influences and Historical Events 117 Internet Resource 141
Treatment 118
Family Therapy 118
Group Therapy 118 Chapter 5
Multicultural Approach 118 Anxiety Disorders 142
Milieu Therapy 119
CASE REPORT:
Evaluation of the Sociocultural Perspective 119 Barbara Wilder 143
Behavioral and Cognitively Based The Nature of Anxiety
Perspectives 120 Disorders 144
Classical Conditioning 120 Panic Disorder and
Operant Conditioning 121 Agoraphobia 144
Social Learning and Social Cognition 123 Characteristics of Panic Disorder 145

Cognitively Based Theory 123 Theories and Treatment of Panic Disorder

and Agoraphobia 146
Treatment 124
Biological Perspective 146
Conditioning Techniques 124
Psychological Perspective 147
Contingency Management Techniques 125
Specific Phobias 148
Modeling and Self-Efficacy Training 125
Cognitive Therapies 125 Characteristics of Specific Phobias 148

Evaluation of the Behavioral and Cognitively Theories and Treatment of Specific Phobias 149
Based Perspectives 126 Biological Perspectives 149
Biological Perspective 126 Psychological Perspectives 149

The Nervous System and Behavior 127 Social Phobia 151

Neurons, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters 127 Characteristics of Social Phobia 151
Genetic Influences on Behavior 128 Theories and Treatment of Social Phobia 152
Basic Concepts in Genetics 128 Biological Perspectives 152

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REAL STORIES: Donny Osmond 153 Psychological Factors Affecting Medical

Psychological Perspectives 154 Conditions 185
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 154 Characteristics of the DSM-IV-TR Category of Psychological
Factors Affecting Medical Conditions 185
Characteristics of Generalized Anxiety Disorder 154
Theories and Treatment of the DSM-IV-TR Category of
Theories and Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder 155 Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions 186
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 156 Stress 186
Characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 156 Emotional Expression 190
Personality Style 190
Theories and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder 158 Sociocultural Factors 191
Treatment 159 Treatment 191
Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Dissociative Disorders 193
Stress Disorder 161 Dissociative Identity Disorder 193
Characteristics of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 161 Characteristics of Dissociative Identity Disorder 193
PTSD and Combat 161 Theories and Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder 195
Theories and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 163 REAL STORIES: Anne Heche 197
Biological Perspectives 164 Dissociative Identity Disorder and the Legal System 199
Psychological Perspectives 165
Other Dissociative Disorders 200
Can People Grow from the Experience of Trauma? 165 Dissociative Amnesia 200
Anxiety Disorders: The Biopsychosocial Dissociative Fugue 201
Perspective 166 Depersonalization Disorder 202
RETURN TO THE CASE 167 Theories and Treatment of Dissociative Amnesia,
Summary 169 Dissociative Fugue, and Depersonalization Disorder 202

Key Terms 170 Somatoform Disorders, Psychological Factors

Affecting Medical Conditions, and Dissociative
Answers to Review Questions 171 Disorders: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 203
Answers to Mini Case Questions 171 RETURN TO THE CASE 204
Internet Resource 171 Summary 207
Key Terms 207
Answers to Review Questions 208
Chapter 6 Answers to Mini Case Questions 208
Somatoform Disorders, Psychological Factors
Internet Resource 209
Affecting Medical Conditions, and
Dissociative Disorders 172
CASE REPORT:
Rose Marston 173 Chapter 7
Sexual Disorders 210
Somatoform Disorders 174
Conversion Disorder 175 CASE REPORT:
Shaun Boyden 211
Somatization Disorder and Related Conditions 176
What Is Abnormal Sexual
Body Dysmorphic Disorder 178 Behavior? 212
Hypochondriasis 180 Paraphilias 212
Conditions Related to Somatoform Disorders 181 Characteristics of Paraphilias 212
Theories and Treatment of Somatoform Disorders 184 Pedophilia 213

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Exploitation of Youth on the Internet 216 Major Depressive Disorder 248

Exhibitionism 217 Characteristics of a Major Depressive Episode 248
Fetishism 218 Types of Depression 249
Frotteurism 219 Prevalence and Course of the Disorder 250
Sexual Masochism and Sexual Sadism 219 Dysthymic Disorder 250
Transvestic Fetishism 221 Disorders Involving Alternations in Mood 252
Voyeurism 223
Bipolar Disorder 252
Theories and Treatment of Paraphilias 223 Characteristics of a Manic Episode 252
Gender Identity Disorders 224 Types of Bipolar Disorder 253
Characteristics of Gender Identity Disorders 224 Prevalence and Course of the Disorder 253
Theories and Treatment of Gender Identity Disorders 226 REAL STORIES: Kay Redfield Jamison 254
Sexual Dysfunctions 228 Cyclothymic Disorder 255
Characteristics of Sexual Dysfunctions 228 Theories and Treatments of Mood
Disorders 256
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder 231
Biological Perspectives 256
Sexual Aversion Disorder 231
Genetics 256
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder 232
Biochemical Factors 257
Male Erectile Disorder 232
Psychological Perspectives 258
Female Orgasmic Disorder 232
Psychodynamic Theories 258
Male Orgasmic Disorder 233 Behavioral and Cognitively Based
Premature Ejaculation 234 Theories 258

Sexual Pain Disorders 234 Sociocultural and Interpersonal

Perspectives 260
Theories and Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions 234
Treatment 260
Biological Perspective 235
Biological Treatment 260
Psychological Perspective 237
Psychological Treatment 264
REAL STORIES: Richard Berendzen 238
Sociocultural and Interpersonal Intervention 265
Sexual Disorders: The Biopsychosocial Perspective 240
Suicide 266
RETURN TO THE CASE 241
Who Commits Suicide? 266
Summary 242
Why Do People Commit Suicide? 267
Key Terms 243 Biological Perspective 267
Answers to Review Questions 244 Psychological Perspective 267
Answers to Mini Case Questions 244 Sociocultural Perspective 269
Internet Resource 245 Assessment and Treatment of
Suicidality 269
Mood Disorders: The Biopsychosocial
Perspective 271
Chapter 8 RETURN TO THE CASE 272
Mood Disorders 246
Summary 274
CASE REPORT:
Janice Butterfield 247 Key Terms 274
General Characteristics of Answers to Review Questions 275
Mood Disorders 248 Answers to Mini Case Questions 275
Depressive Disorders 248 Internet Resource 275
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Summary 303
Chapter 9 Key Terms 303
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders 276
Answers to Review Questions 304
CASE REPORT: Answers to Mini Case Questions 304
David Marshall 277
Internet Resource 305
Characteristics of
Schizophrenia 278
Phases of Schizophrenia 279 Chapter 10
Symptoms of Schizophrenia 279 Personality Disorders 306
Disturbance of Thought Content: CASE REPORT:
Delusions 279 Harold Morrill 307
REAL STORIES: John Forbes Nash 280 The Nature of Personality
Disturbance in Perception: Hallucinations 281 Disorders 308
Disturbance of Thinking, Language, and Communication: Antisocial Personality
Disorganized Speech 281 Disorder 309
Disturbed Behavior 281 Characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder 309
Negative Symptoms 282 Theories and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder 312
Social and Occupational Dysfunction 282 Biological Perspectives 312
Types of Schizophrenia 283 Psychological Perspectives 312
Dimensions of Schizophrenia 284 Sociocultural Perspectives 313

Courses of Schizophrenia 285 Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder 314

Gender, Age, and Cultural Features 285 Borderline Personality Disorder 314
Other Psychotic Disorders 286 Characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder 314

Brief Psychotic Disorder 286 Theories and Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder 316
Biological Perspectives 316
Schizophreniform Disorder 287
Schizoaffective Disorder 288
REAL STORIES: Susanna Kaysen 317
Psychological Perspectives 318
Delusional Disorders 288
Sociocultural Perspectives 318
Shared Psychotic Disorder 290
Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder 319
Theories and Treatment of Schizophrenia 291
Histrionic Personality Disorder 321
Biological Perspectives 291
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 322
Brain Structure and Function 291
Paranoid Personality Disorder 324
Genetic Explanations 292
Biological Stressors and Vulnerability 293
Schizoid Personality Disorder 325
Psychological Perspective 293
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 326
Sociocultural Perspective 295
Avoidant Personality Disorder 327
Treatment of Schizophrenia 296
Dependent Personality Disorder 328
Biological Treatments 296 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 330
Psychological Treatments 297 Personality Disorders: The Biopsychosocial
Sociocultural Treatments 298
Perspective 331
Schizophrenia: The Biopsychosocial RETURN TO THE CASE 333
Perspective 299 Summary 335
RETURN TO THE CASE 300 Key Terms 336

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Answers to Review Questions 337 Theories and Treatment of Learning, Communication, and
Motor Skills Disorders 358
Answers to Mini Case Questions 337
Separation Anxiety Disorder 358
Internet Resource 337
Characteristics of Separation Anxiety Disorder 358
Theories and Treatment of Separation Anxiety Disorder 359
Other Disorders that Originate in Childhood 359
Chapter 11 Childhood Eating Disorders 359
Development-Related Disorders 338
Tic Disorders 359
CASE REPORT: Elimination Disorders 360
Jason Newman 339
Reactive Attachment Disorder 360
Introductory Issues 340
Stereotypic Movement Disorder 360
Mental Retardation 340
Selective Mutism 360
Characteristics of Mental Retardation 340
Development-Related Disorders:
Theories and Treatment of Mental Retardation 340
The Biopsychosocial Perspective 360
Inherited Causes 340
RETURN TO THE CASE 361
Environmental Causes 341
Summary 363
Treatment 343
Key Terms 363
Pervasive Developmental Disorders 344
Answers to Review Questions 364
Characteristics of Autistic Disorder 344
Impairment in Social Interaction 344 Answers to Mini Case Questions 364
Impairment in Communication 344 Internet Resource 365
Oddities of Behavior, Interest, and Activities 344
Theories of Autistic Disorder 345
Treatment of Autistic Disorder 345
Chapter 12
Aging-Related and Cognitive Disorders 366
Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders 347
Asperger’s Disorder 347 CASE REPORT:
Irene Heller 367
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior
Disorders 348 The Nature of Cognitive
Disorders 368
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 349
Delirium 368
ADHD in Adults 349
Amnestic Disorders 369
REAL STORIES: Edward Hallowell 350
Traumatic Brain Injury 370
Conduct Disorder 351
Dementia 371
Oppositional Defiant Disorder 352
Characteristics of Dementia 372
Theories and Treatment of ADHD and
Disruptive Behavior Disorders 353 Memory Loss 372

Theories 353 Aphasia, Apraxia, and Agnosia 372

Treatment 354 Disturbance in Executive Functioning 372

Learning, Communication, and Motor Skills Alzheimer’s Disease (Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type) 372
Disorders 356 Dementia Caused by Other Conditions 374
Learning Disorders 356 Physical Conditions 374
Communication Disorders 357 REAL STORIES: John Bayley and Iris Murdoch 375
Motor Skills Disorders 358 Depression 378

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